College of Animal Science & Livestock Production

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    ASSESSMENTOFCHEMICALCONSTITUENTSOFMILKFROMCATTLE, GOATSANDSHEEPANDYOGHURTMADEFROMTHEIRMILK
    (2025-07-25) AKIN-AINA,OLAWUMIFUNMILAYO
    ABSTRACT Milk and dairy products are essential components ofa balanced diet, providing vital nutrients andhealthbenefits, withtheincreasingdemandforhigh-qualityproducts,itisessential to evaluatethenutritionalcompositionofmilkfromdifferentanimalspecies.Thisstudyexamined theassessmentofchemical constituentsofmilk fromcattle, goatsandsheep andyoghurtmade fromtheirmilk.Freshmilk samples from6whiteFulanicows,10WestAfricandwarfgoatsand 10 West African dwarfsheep intheirfirst andsecond parity, grazing onnaturalpasture during the same season within the same year and stage of lactation were collected in the morning by 7am.Thechemicalconstituents(fat,protein,lactose, solidnon-fat,Ash)ofthemilk andyoghurt weredetermined.Datacollectedweresubjectedtoone-wayanalysisofvarianceusingSPSS. Results showed thechemicalcomtituents ofcattle,goat and sheep milk and yoghurt made from theirmilk.Thechemicalconstituentsofcattlemilk are4.64%fat,3.89%protein,4.3%lactose,q 0.73 % ash, 8.52 % Solid-non-fat (SNF), 5.95 % and 83.56% moisture,while that of goat milk compositioncontains4.03%fat,4.04%protein,4.03%lactose,0.72%ash,8.40%SNF,6.00 %pHand84.21%moistureandthemeansheepmilkcompositionhad7.81%fat,5.37% protein,3.89%lactose,0.72%ash, 9.32%SNF, 6.92% pHand84.32 %moisture.Yoghurt madefromcattlemilkcompositionis4.64%fat,4.07%protein,’4.29%lactose,0.73%ash, 6.81%SNF,5.22%pHand84.08%moisture.Thegoatmilkcompositioncontains4.02%fat, 4.01%protein,4.01% lactose,4.72 % ash, 6.42 % SNF,5.47 %pH and 84.13 % moistureand themeansheepmilkcompositionhad7.87%fat,5.35%protein,3.87%lactose,0.72%ash, 7.47%SNF,6.07%pHand84.28%moisture. MOStcorrelation amDngconstituents ofmilkfromcattle,sheepandgoatwerenotsignificant. Correlation amongconstituents ofyoghurt madefrom cattle,sheep andgoat milkwere not significant. The study concluded that distinct differences was observed in the chemical compositionofmilkfromcattle,goatsandsheepandyoghurtmadefrom theirmilk,withsheep milkandyoghurtmadefromitsmilk havingthehighestfatandprotein content, whilecattleand goatmilk have similar compositions.Thesevariations caninformtheselection ofmilktypes for specificdairyproductsandnutritional needs.
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    ASSESSMENTOFCHEMICALCONSTITUENTSOFMILKFROMCATTLE, GOATSANDSHEEPANDYOGHURTMADEFROMTHEIRMILK
    (2025-07-12) AKIN-AINA,OLAWUMIFUNMILAYO
    ABSTRACT Milk and dairy products are essential components ofa balanced diet, providing vital nutrients andhealthbenefits, withtheincreasingdemandforhigh-qualityproducts,itisessential to evaluatethenutritionalcompositionofmilkfromdifferentanimalspecies.Thisstudyexamined theassessmentofchemical constituentsofmilk fromcattle, goatsandsheep andyoghurtmade fromtheirmilk.Freshmilk samples from6whiteFulanicows,10WestAfricandwarfgoatsand 10 West African dwarfsheep intheirfirst andsecond parity, grazing onnaturalpasture during the same season within the same year and stage of lactation were collected in the morning by 7am.Thechemicalconstituents(fat,protein,lactose, solidnon-fat,Ash)ofthemilk andyoghurt weredetermined.Datacollectedweresubjectedtoone-wayanalysisofvarianceusingSPSS. Results showed thechemicalcomtituents ofcattle,goat and sheep milk and yoghurt made from theirmilk.Thechemicalconstituentsofcattlemilk are4.64%fat,3.89%protein,4.3%lactose,q 0.73 % ash, 8.52 % Solid-non-fat (SNF), 5.95 % and 83.56% moisture,while that of goat milk compositioncontains4.03%fat,4.04%protein,4.03%lactose,0.72%ash,8.40%SNF,6.00 %pHand84.21%moistureandthemeansheepmilkcompositionhad7.81%fat,5.37% protein,3.89%lactose,0.72%ash, 9.32%SNF, 6.92% pHand84.32 %moisture.Yoghurt madefromcattlemilkcompositionis4.64%fat,4.07%protein,’4.29%lactose,0.73%ash, 6.81%SNF,5.22%pHand84.08%moisture.Thegoatmilkcompositioncontains4.02%fat, 4.01%protein,4.01% lactose,4.72 % ash, 6.42 % SNF,5.47 %pH and 84.13 % moisture and themeansheepmilkcompositionhad7.87%fat,5.35%protein,3.87%lactose,0.72%ash, 7.47%SNF,6.07%pHand84.28%moisture. MOStcorrelation amDngconstituents of milk from cattle, sheep and goat were not significant. Correlation among constituents of yoghurt made from cattle, sheep and goat milk were not significant. The study concluded that distinct differences was observed in the chemical composition of milk rom cattle, goats and sheep and yoghurt made from their milk, with sheep milk and yoghurt made from its milk having the highest flatland protein content, while cattle and goatmilk have similar compositions. These variations can inform these lection of milk types for specific dairy products and nutritional needs.
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    EFFECTS OF ALGALBIOMASSON GROWTH, GESTATIONALAND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, DIGESTIBILITY AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF RABBIT
    (2027-08-15) OGUNYALE, OLUWAFUNMIBIOLUFISAYO
    ABSTRACT Algalbiomassisbeingexploredasasustainablefeedadditiveforrabbitproductionduetoitshigh protein,fiberandnutrientcontent.Thisstudyevaluated theimpactofalgal biomassongrowth performance,gestationalandreproductive performance,digestibility,andbloodparametersof rabbitweanersanddoes.Thestudyconsistedofthreeexperiments.Experiment1investigated theeffectsofalgal biomassongestational performanceanddigestibilityin20rabbitdoes.The animalsweredividedintofourtreatmentsoffivereplicateseach.Algalbiomasswasincludedin thedietat0,0.5,1.0,and1.5%.Experiment2examinedtheresidualeffectofalgalbiomasson growth performance in36weanerrabbitsfromdoesused inExperiment 1,theweanerswere divided into4treatmentscorrespondingtothedoestreatmentsandfurthersub-divided into3 replicates of 3 weaners each. Datawere collected from theanimals fora period of8 weeks. Experiment 3 assessed the residual effect of algal biomass on gestational performance, reproductive performance, digestibility, and blood indices in rabbit does. Animals from experiment1wereusedforthisstudy,underthesameenvironmentalconditionsandmanagement practices except fordietary changes. Thealgal biomass was removed from theirdietand all animalswereswitchedtothebasaldiet.Alldatacollected weresubjected toone-wayAnalysis ofVariance(ANOVA)inacompletelyrandomizeddesign (CRD) usingSAS (2012).Significant means were separatedusing Duncan multipleTestascontained inthesoftware. Theresults showedthatalgalbiomasshadnosignificant (p>0.05)effectongestational performance and nutrientdigestibility in rabbitdoes(Experimentl).Itwasalsorevealed inExperiment 2that withdrawalofalgalbiomassfromdietofweanerrabbitshadnosignificant(p>0.05)effectonthe growthperformance.Experiment3,revealedthatwithdrawalofalgalbiomassdidnotaffect (p>0.05)gestationalperformance,reproductiveperformanceanddigestibility,butsignificantly
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    RESPONSE OF GROWING PULLET CHICKENS TO DIETARY INCLUSION OF PHYTOGENICADDITIVES (ORANGEORLEMONPEEL)AND THE IMPLICATION OF PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATION.
    (2025-09-11) OKUNADEBlessing Ademola
    ABSTRACT Thetransitionoftheglobalpoultryindustryawayfromantibioticsasgrowthpromotershas intensified interest in the use of phytogenic feed additives as safe and sustainable alternatives. However, primary feed ingredients and some phytogenic additives contain anti-nutritive factors, particularly phytates observed to limit nutrient bioavailability and increaseenvironmental pollutionthroughexcretion,highlightingthenecessity ofincluding phytase,anenzymecapableofhydrolyzingphytates,toenhancenutrientutilizationoffeed. Thisstudyevaluatedtheresponseofgrowingpulletstodietaryinclusionofphytogenicfeed additives(orangeorlemonpeels)withorwithoutphytasesupplementation.Atotalof640 4-week-oldIsaBrowngrowingpulletswereassignedtoeightdietarytreatmentsina4 x2 factorialarrangement, eachwithfourreplicates containing 20birds.Treatments werebasal diet(PC-),basaldietwithoutbonemealandlimestone(NC-),NCwithlemonpeel(NCLP- )andNCwithorange peel(NCOP-)at1g/kgfeedallwithout phytase, beingtreatments 1 to4,and thesamerespective dietswithphytasesupplementationconstituting treatment 5 to8(PC+,NC+,NCLP+andNCOP+respectively).Datacollectedongrowthperformance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism, and early egg characteristics of growing pullets were subjected to analysis of variance using IBMSPSS (21).Growth performance parameters did not vary significantly (P >0.05) at the main and interaction effects of both phytogenic feed additives and phytase supplementation.Thereweremarkedimprovementsincrudefibreandashdigestibility observedinchickensfedNCOP(67.85,71.130a)comparedwithNC(61.47,62.87%)atthe maineffectofphytogenic additives, whilephytase supplementationresulted in increased ash digestibility from 61.69 to69.75%. For the interaction effect, the highest crude fibre andashdigestibilityvaluesof68.29%and79.85%,respectively,wererecordedfor chickens on NCOP+ diet, whereas for the same parameters, the least values of60.21% and 40.17%, respectively, were observed inchickens fed NC- diet. The main effect of phytase supplementationsignificantlyincreased (P <0.05) some blood parameters such asalbumin (35.68g/L),totalprotein(10.89g/dL),andglobulin(73.34 g/L).PulletsontheNCOP+diet recordedthehighestalbumin(39.73g/L)andtotalprotein(11.45 g/dL).Forthemaineffect, SuperoxideDismutaselevelswerehigher(157.05U/mLand141.00U/mL)inbirdson NCLPandNCOPdiets,respectively,whileMalondialdehydelevelswerelower(67.20 Mmol/Land67.46 Mmol/L)forthesamegroupofbirds.Phytasesupplementation significantlyimproved (P < 0.05) calcium bioavailability (2.62 mg/dL), while phosphorus levels remained constantat 0.10 mg/dLacross treatments.Shell thicknessincreasedfrom 0.96mmto1.41mmforthemain effectofphytasesupplementation,andalbuminwidth was highest (54.85 mm) inbirdsonNCOP dietscompared toNCLP diets(49.25mm).The study concluded that there was an improvementin nutrient digestibilityand blood profileofgrowingpulletbirdsfeddietswithphytogenicfeedadditiveandphytasewithoutnegative impact ongrowth andfirsteggquality.
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    RESPONSE OF RABBIT STODIETS CONTAINING DRIED WATERMELON RIND
    (2025-07-11) OLALERE,FAITH ABISOLA
    ABSTRACT Theincreasingcostofconventionalfeedingredientsnecessitatesexploringalternativefeedsourcesfor sustainablerabbitproduction.Theuseofalternativeenergysourcesuchasdriedwatermelonrindmeal mayreducecostofrabbitproductionThisstudyevaluatedtheeffectofgradedlevelofdriedwatermelon rind(DWMR)asreplacementformaizeonperformanceofweanerandgrowerrabbits.Atotalnumber ofeighty(80)unsexedmixedbreedweanerrabbitswithanaverageweightof630gwereallotedtofour treatmentgroups(0,5,10and15%)inclusionlevelsofDWMR withtwenty(20)rabbitspertreatment onweightequalisationbasis.Thefeedingtriallasted foraperiodof98days withdatacollectedongrowth performance,nutrientdigestibility,blood parameters, carcasscharacteristicsandliverhistology subjected toone-wayanalysisofvariance.Resultsshowedthatnutrientdigestibility forweanerandgrowerrabbit werenotsignificantlydifferent(p>0.05),however,weanerrabbitsfed5%DWMRhadhigher(p<0.05) finalweightandweightgain(1391.25/gand762.31/g)thanthosefed10%DWMRthoughcomparable torabbits fed0and15%DWMR.Conversely, growerrabbits fed15%DWMRrecorded higher(p<0.05) feedintakethanrabbitsfed10%,thoughsimilaras0%and5%DWMR .Costbenefitanalysisofdiets ofweaner and grower rabbitscontaining 0% DWMR hadthe highest feed cost (H559; N545.50) respectively, while15%DWMR had theleastfeedcost(K464;K450.50).Furthermore, theredblood cell(RBC)forweanerrabbitsoncontroldiet(0%DWMR)wassignificantlyhigher(p<0.05)than15% DWMR,butcomparabletoRBCofrabbitson5and10%DWMRdiets.Amonggrowerrabbits,highest (p<0.05)RBC(7.17x10'2/L)wasrecordedat10%DWMR,whileleastvalue(6.55xl012/L)wasrecorded at5%inclusion. Forserum parameters, weaner rabbits fed DWMR at5,10and15% recorded higher (p<0.05)valuesfortotalprotein,albumin,andglobulin,compared tothecontrolgroup,whilehighest (p<0.05)glucose(92.17 mg/dl)wasrecordedat15%,butleastvalues(67.98 mg/dl)at5%forgrower rabbit.Theeviscerated anddressed weights oftherabbits weresignificantly (p<0.05) higher at0and 10%DWMR.Also,hindlimbandchestweightsweresignificantly(p<0.05)influencedwithhigher values at 0, 5 and 10% inclusion levels. Liver, heart and kidney weights varied significantly (p<0.05), withhighestvaluesobservedat10%DWMR.Histologicalanalysisrevealednormalhistologicalstructure at5%inclusionlevels.ThestudyconcludedthatDWMRat5%inclusionlevelisoptimalforbettergrowth performance and cost benefit of weaner rabbits without adverse effect, while 10% inclusion level is recommended for better carcass yield and reduced cost for grower rabbits.
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    RESPONSE OF GUINEA FOWL (Numida meleagris) TO IN OVO INJE
    (2025-09-22) ELETU, TEMITAYO ABISODUN
    ABSTRACT In ovotechnique is an emerging tool in poultry production that enables the direct delivery of nutrients and bioactive compounds to the developing embryo, potentially improving post-hatch performance and physiological outcomes. This study investigated the effects of in ovo administration of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) at different embryonic stages on hatchability, haematology, gut development, and growth in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). A total of 160 guinea fowl eggs were sourced from a reputable breeder, of which 152 were settable and incubated under standard conditions. On day 21 of incubation, fertility was assessed by candling, and 112 fertile eggs (73.68%) were identified and evenly distributed into four treatment groups (28 eggs per group): a non-injected control and three groups injected with 0.05 mL of pyridoxine solution (100 µg/mL) into the amnion on embryonic days 21, 23, and 25, respectively. At hatch (day 28), 80 keets were allocated into replicates based on number of hatched keets per treatment, and a post-hatch study was conducted over a 10-week period. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomised design, utilizing Minitab® 21.4.1 (Minitab, 2023). The results showed that hatchability was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the timing of injection; both the control (93.30%) and day 25 group (85.71%) maintained significantly higher hatchability percentage compared to day 21 (57.14%) and day 23 (46.43%) groups. At 7 days old, monocyte of keets from eggs in day 21 group were significantly reduced, while at day 70 days old, red blood cell (RBC) counts were significantly higher in birds from the day 25 group. Keets from eggs injected on day 21 exhibited the highest albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio and cholesterol levels, while significantly lower cholesterol concentrations were observed in those injected on days 23 and 25 relative to the control. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes activities specifically glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) with catalase (CAT), and were highest in keets from eggs in day 23 group. Significantly higher liver and jejunal weights, was also observed in keets from eggs in day 25 group, whereas those from the day 21 group recorded the highest caecal weight. In conclusion, administering vitamin B6 in ovo on day 25 of embryonic development did not have adverse effect on hatchability percentage, while enhancing haematological indices and early gut development. Additionally, in ovoinjection on day 23 is considered beneficial for improving serum cholesterol, antioxidation and intestinal muscle structure in guinea fowl.
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    EFFECT OF SPOTTED PUMPKIN (Lagenaria breviflora) FRUIT AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BEHAVIOUR, BLOOD PROFILE AND CARCASS YIELD OF BROILER CHICKENS
    (2025-06-12) ENITAN, ADEBAYO OLUWATOMIWA
    ABSTRACT Growing concerns over the health risks and microbial resistance linked to synthetic growth promoters have increased the demand for natural, residue-free alternatives in poultry production. This study investigated the effects of Lagenaria breviflora (spotted pumpkin) fruit aqueous extract on growth performance, behaviour, haematological parameters, serum biochemistry, and carcass yield of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six treatment groups (with four replicates of 10 birds each) in a 2 × 3 factorial experimental layout, comprising two concentrations of the extract (300 and 500 g/L) and three administration frequencies (0, 3, and 4 times/week). Birds were given standard commercial diets and administered the extract via drinking water from day 7 to the end of the six-week trial. Growth performance was evaluated through weight gain, feed and water intake, and FCR. Behaviour was monitored using CCTV, while haematological, serum biochemical, and carcass traits were assessed using standard laboratory and post-slaughter procedures. Results showed that while the extract concentration had no significant effect on body weight gain and FCR, birds on 300 g/L concentration exhibited higher feed and water intake compared to those on 500 g/L. Frequency of administration significantly (p < 0.05) influenced growth, with the control group (0 time/week) demonstrating the highest final weight and weight gain. Behavioural observations at the starter phase showed no notable variations across treatments. However, at the finisher phase, birds on 300 g/L concentration displayed increased activity in feeding, drinking, walking, dust bathing, and wing flapping compared to those on 500 g/L. Frequency of administration also affected behavioural expressions, with birds in the control and 3 times/week groups generally more active than those administered the extract 4 times/week. Haematological parameters were largely unaffected by both extract concentration and administration frequency, suggesting no adverse health impacts. Serum biochemical analysis indicated significant (p < 0.05) effects of both concentration and frequency on total protein, albumin, AST, HDL, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Notably, birds administered 500 g/L of the extract exhibited higher serum protein and albumin levels, and reduced MDA concentrations, indicating enhanced antioxidant status. Carcass evaluation showed no marked differences across treatments, with both concentration and frequency of administration having no observable effect on carcass traits.In conclusion, Lagenaria breviflora fruit aqueous extract may improve certain behavioural and physiological traits in broilers without adverse effects on health or carcass yield. A concentration of 300 g/L administered 3 times per week is recommended for promoting activity and performance, while 500 g/L at 4 times per week may be explored for improving serum lipid profile.
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    MINERAL COMPOSITION AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONTENTS OF FORAGE AND HAYS OFBrachiariaruziziensis, Tephrosiabracteolata AND THEIR MIXTURES
    (2024-09-26) ADEBISI, RASHEED ABIODUN
    ABSTRACT The experiment was carried out to evaluate the mineral and anti-nutritional contents of Brachiariaruziziensis, Tephrosiabracteolataand their mixtures. Brachiariaruziziensis and Tephrosiabracteolata and their mixtures were harvested at 6 weeks after cut back from existing pasture 15 cm above the ground level. The study was a 3 x 2 factorial design with 3 pasture types (Brachiariaruziziensis, Tephrosiabracteolata and their mixtures) and 2 processing (fresh and hay), these make the total of six treatments combination and replicated three times. Data obtained from this experiment was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance option of the SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 23) software. Treatment means were statistically compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test to identify differences between means and significant differences were declared if P<0.05. Results shows that Tephrosiabracteolata, consistently had higher (p <0.05) calcium levels than B. ruziziensis across both fresh and hay conditions. Higher K values were recorded in both fresh and hay forms compared to the pure legume treatment. The pure legume treatment (T. bracteolata) had significantly (p<0.05) higher phytate and saponin contents when compared to the B. ruziziensis/ T. bracteolatamixture. Conclusion shows that Tephrosiabracteolata had higher Ca, P, and Ca:P, Brachiariaruzizensis had higher K content, mixing forages resulted in intermediate mineral contents but improved Ca:P ratio and Brachiariaruzizensis reduced the concentration of phytate and saponin in the mixtures. It can be recommended that while Tephrosiabracteolataoffers superior calcium and phosphorus levels, Brachiariaruzizensis provides a better potassium source. As such, combining both forages into mixtures can balance mineral content and improve Ca:P ratios. Incorporating Brachiariaruzizensis helps to mitigate the negative effects of certain anti-nutritional factors present in Tephrosiabracteolata.
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    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Cenchrus purpureusHARVESTED IN THE DRY SEASON AND ENSILED WITH LAYER MANURE
    (2025-01-25) ADEGOKE, NAHEEMAT TEMITAYO
    ABSTRACT This study evaluated the chemical composition of Cenchrus purpureus (elephant grass) harvested during the dry season and ensiled with layer manure under varying conditions to improve its nutritional value for livestock during feed-scarce periods. A 4 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment investigated the effects of ensiling duration (0, 21, 42, and 63 days), manure type (air-dried and fermented), and manure inclusion levels (0% and 5%), with each treatment replicated three times. The forage was harvested at 15 cm above ground level, chopped into 2–3 cm lengths, and wilted for 24 hours. Layer manure air-dried and fermented for 21 days, was mixed with the forage and compressed into 400–500 ml silos.AOAC Official Methods of Analysis and Van Soest et al. (1991)was used to calculate theproximate,fiber and mineral analysis.Near-Infrared Spectroscopy machine was used to analyze the nutritional component of the samples. The result was calculated using (SAS) 1999 package. The highest crude protein (CP) content (12.79%) was observed in unensiled cenchrus purpureuscombined with 5% fermented manure, while the lowest (9.35%) occurred when ensiled for 21 days without manure. Dry matter (DM) content was highest (91.75%) in cenchrus purpureusensiled for 63 days without manure and lowest (90.92%) when ensiled for 21 days with 5% fermented manure. Ether extract (EE) peaked (1.88%) incenchrus purpureus ensiled for 21 days with 5% air-dried manure, while crude fiber (CF) was highest (20.56%) when ensiled for 63 days with 5% air-dried manure.Fiber analysis showed significant variations in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The highest NDF (68.96%) was observed in unensiled cenchrus purpureus without manure, while the lowest (61.47%) was found in cenchrus purpureus ensiled for 63 days with 5% fermented manure. ADF levels, which indicate cellulose and lignin content, were lowest (40.96%) in unensiled cenchrus purpureuswith 5% air-dried manure and highest (47.21%) in cenchrus purpureusensiled for 42 days without manure. ADL content was highest (7.09%) in cenchrus purpureusensiled for 63 days with 5% fermented manure, highlighting the role of lignin in fiber rigidity and digestibility. The highest calcium content (5.30%) was observed in cenchrus purpureus ensiled for 63 days, while the highest phosphorus content (3.48%) was recorded when unensiled with 5% fermented manure. The study concludes that unensiled Cenchrus purpureus with 5% air-dried manure is optimal for maximizing crude protein content, while ensiling with 5% fermented manure for 21 to 63 days enhances fiber digestibility and mineral bio-availability.
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    In vitroAND METHANE GAS PRODUCTION OF Cenchrus purpureus AS INFLUENCED BY GRADED LEVELS OF GINGER POWDER INCLUSION
    (2024-08-25) TITILAYO, DEBORAH OLAMIDE
    ABSTRACT Livestock production is one of the strong pillars of food industry and they contribute to global climate change by emitting greenhouse gases from enteric fermentation and manure management. This experiment was carried out to investigate onin vitro gas production of Cenchrus purpureus as influenced by graded levels of ginger powder inclusion. The effect of different inclusion levels of ginger powder meal on the proximate composition, fibre fractions of C. purpureus, in vitro gas production and post incubation parameters were carried out. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with Cenchrus purpureusand different inclusion levels of Zingiber officinale (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10mg/g). Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results showed significant (p<0.05) differences in the gas volume produced across the hours of incubation due to the effect of the ginger powder inclusion levels compared to the control. The gas volumes recorded at the 6th, 12th and 24th hour of incubation increased at 5.0mg/g and 7.5 mg/g of ginger powder inclusion level. Gas volumes recorded at the highest inclusion level of ginger powder (10mg/g) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from the control across the recorded hours of incubation. On the other hand, CH4 and methane percentage values decreased as the inclusion levels of ginger powder increased in the inoculum, while there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the in vitro dry matter digestibility values.It can be concluded that ginger powder inclusion increased gas production at levels of 5.0mg/g and 7.5mg/g. Methane production and methane percentage decreased as the ginger powder inclusion levels increased.Based on the positive effects on fermentation parameters at inclusion levels of 5.0mg/g or 7.5mg/g of ginger powder per unit of feed is recommended for optimal results.
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    EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SU BSTRATES AND FETERLIZER APPLICATION RATES ON MICRO MINERAL CONTENTS OF Sorghum bicolor IN A SOILLESS FARMING SYSTEM
    (2024-10-27) ADEJARE, OMOLOLA OLAITAN
    ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different substrates and fertilizer application rates on the micro mineral contents of Sorghum bicolor in a soilless farming system. The study was a 3 × 3 factorial design, i.e. nine treatment combinations with four replicates to give a total of 36 bags. The 3 × 3 stands for 3 rates of fertilizer application (0, 120 and 240 kg/ha), the second factor was 3 substrate level (coco peat, rice husk, grow mix). The micro mineral contents ( Mn, Zn, Fe and Mg) in sorghum bicolor was determined and Data collected were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were separated using Tukey HSD test of R statistics. Micro mineral content of S. bicolor differs significantly (p<0.05) as influenced by different substrates except for copper (Cu) content. The values which was recorded for manganese (Mn) ranged from 10.17mg/kg for plants grown in rice husk (RH) filled bags to 6.07mg/kg for plants harvested from grow mix (GM) filled bags. Interaction effect between different substrates and fertilizer application rates on micro mineral content of S. bicolor significantly influenced (p<0.05) all micro mineral contents of S. bicolor except Iron (Fe). Plants sown in Coco peats (CP) filled bags, fertilized with 120kg/ha of NPK recorded the highest (11.58mg/kg) value for manganese (Mn), while unfertilized plants grown in Rice husk (RH) bags recorded the least value (6.44mg/kg). These shows the importance of selecting appropriate substrates and optimizing fertilizer rates to ensure balanced micronutrient availability in soilless farming systems.
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    EFFECT OF STORAGE MEDIUM AND STORAGE DURATION ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF Cenchrus purpureus HAY
    (2024-10-23) TANLOJU, JULIUS YISEYON
    ABSTRACT This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of storage medium and duration on physical characteristics and In vitro digestibility of Cenchrus purpureus hay. This Study was laid out as 2×4 factorial arrangement with two storage medium (Jute bag and polypropylene bag) and four storage duration (3, 6. 9, and 12weeks). The storage medium did not (P > 0.05) have significant effect on all the physical characteristics except for odour. Storage duration shows (P < 0.05) significant effect on all physical characteristics. The highest leafiness was observed for Cenchrus purpureus stored in polypropylene at 12weeks whereas colour, odour and foreign materials highest value was observed for Cenchrus purpureus hay stored in jute bag at 6weeks.The storage medium showed significant effect (P > 0.05) on gas volume at 24, gas volume at 48, IVNDFD, IVADFD and IVDMD. In conclusion, Storage medium (jute and polypropylene bags) had minimal impact on most physical characteristics of Cenchrus purpureus hay, except for odour preservation. Jute bags maintained a better "new mown hay" smell. In vitro nutrient digestibility also was not significantly affected by storage medium but was influenced by storage duration.
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    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION OF MEGATHYRSUS MAXIMUS ANDLEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALALEAF MEAL AS INFLUENCED BY MORINDA LUCIDA INCLUSION
    (2024-08-05) SOBOWALE, TEMILOLUWA OMOLADE
    ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of inclusion levels of Morindalucida on the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of a lead tree (Leucaenaleucocephala) and guinea grass (Megathyrsusmaximus) leaf meal. Parameters evaluated included proximate composition, in vitro gas production and fiber fractions of M. maximus - L. leucocephala leaf meal with, varying levels of Morindalucida inclusion. The findings revealed that TM2 with 70% M. maximus and 30 % L. leucocephala with no M. lucida, was at par (P>0.05) with TM3 which was 100: 25: 5% inclusion of the inclusion of Morindalucida; andthey significantly enhanced the crude protein content and overall nutritional value of the M. maximus - L. leucocephalaleaf meal. Additionally, the study demonstrates that Morindalucida improves rumen fermentation efficiency, as indicated by increased in vitro gas production. This suggests that Morindalucida could be a valuable feed additive for improving ruminant nutrition at an inclusion level not higher than 5%.
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    In vitro FERMENTATIVE AND MICROBIAL POPULATION RESPONSE TO Cenchrus purpureus MIXED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF GINGER POWDER AS ADDITIVE
    (2024-09-28) SAMUEL, KOREDE ISAAC
    ABSTRACT The study evaluated theIn vitrofermentative and microbial population response to Cenchruspurpureusmixed with varying levels of ginger powder as additive. Fresh ginger rhizomes were sourced from a reputable market within Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. The forage type was harvested from an existing pasture at the Pasture and Range Management farm from 15cm above ground level after six (6) weeks of regrowth. In vitro(24h) gas production, pH and microbial population count of Cenchrus purpureuswere determined at the laboratory of the Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Ogun State, with varying levels of ginger powder as additive (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/g respectively). The statistical analysis was a One -Way Analysis of variance and replicated three times. The result indicated an increase in gas production from 0mg/g additive inclusion to 7.5mg/g and declines at 10mg/g. The pH values also increased as inclusion level increased up to 7.5mg/g. Also, the highest increase in cellulolytic bacteria was recorded at 7.5mg/g. This study presented an insight that the inclusion levels of 5.0mg/g or 7.5mg/g of ginger powder in forages can help to optimize microbial growth which can in turn enhance feed digestion in livestock animals as well as mitigating methane gas production.