College of Animal Science & Livestock Production

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RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIET CONTAINING MIRACLE LEAF
(2025-06-02) LAWAL, MOHAMMED BASHIR
ABSTRACT The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and drug residues in animal products has led to stricter regulations on conventional medication use in livestock. Combined with rising public demand for organic and residue-free food, this has spurred interest in phytogenic feed additives. This study evaluated the effect of Bryophyllumpinnatum (B. pinnatum) inclusion on growth performance, blood profile, gut microbiota, carcass traits, and meat quality of broiler chickens over a six-week period. Two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments (four replicates of 10 birds each): a positive control (0 g/kg B. pinnatum with antibiotics), three treatment groups with 10 g/kg, 15 g/kg, and 20 g/kg B. pinnatum, and a negative control (0 g/kg B. pinnatum, no antibiotics). Data were collected weekly on growth performance, and on days 21 and 42 for blood profile, serum antioxidant activity, and blood lipid profile. On day 42, additional data were collected on carcass characteristics, gut microbiota, fecal oocyst counts, meat antioxidants, and meat lipid profile. All data were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance. At the starter phase, birds fed B. pinnatum or antibiotics showed significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and feed intake compared to the negative control. At the finisher phase, growth performance was not significantly affected by treatment. Hematological indices were influenced by B. pinnatum inclusion, with improved red blood cell indices in birds fed 10 g/kg and 15 g/kg, and reduced white blood cell count at 20 g/kg. Serum biochemical parameters, including total protein, creatinine, and AST, were significantly affected, with the highest total protein and AST in birds fed 20 g/kg. Blood lipid profiles showed reduced cholesterol and LDL in birds fed 15 g/kg and 20 g/kg, while VLDL and triglyceride levels varied among groups. Carcass traits including head, shank, neck, breast, kidney, and abdominal fat percentages were significantly influenced by treatment, although dressing percentage remained unaffected. Gut microbiological analysis showed reduced Salmonella, E. coli, Clostridium, and Aspergillus in birds fed 15 g/kg and 20 g/kg. Total coliform count was lower in the negative control. Meat antioxidant properties were significantly affected, with lower malondialdehyde and higher superoxide dismutase in B. pinnatum groups. Meat lipid profile was also significantly altered, with reduced cholesterol and LDL observed in birds fed B. pinnatum. In conclusion, inclusion of Bryophyllumpinnatum did not affect overall growth performance in broiler chickens but significantly influenced blood indices, serum biochemistry, lipid profile, carcass traits, microbial load, antioxidant status, and meat composition. Birds fed 10 g/kg and 15 g/kg showed better blood indices at the starter phase, while 15 g/kg and 20 g/kg were more effective at the finisher phase. The 20 g/kg level yielded the most favorable serum biochemical results. The study recommends dietary inclusion of B. pinnatum at 10 g/kg and above, as it posed no adverse health effects. Up to 15 g/kg is advisable for supporting health status and immune function, while 20 g/kg may serve as an antimicrobial due to its effect on oocyst and egg count reduction.
EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF HEAT-PROCESSED ALGAE PROCESSED AT VARYING TEMPERATURES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES AND BEHAVIOUR OF RABBIT DOES
(2025-07-23) ADENIRAN, DANIEL ADEYINKA
ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of incorporating heat-processed algae, at various temperatures, into the diets of rabbit does. The research focused on assessing its effects on their reproductive performance, hematological indices, behavior, and overall welfare. In light of the increasing global demand for animal protein and the pursuit of sustainable livestock production, rabbits have emerged as a viable alternative due to their high reproductive potential, efficient feed utilization, and adaptability. However, persistent challenges such as neonatal mortality, suboptimal maternal behaviors, and nutritional deficiencies continue to affect rabbit farming. To address these concerns, the current study explored the potential of supplementing rabbit diets with algae biomass, specifically those rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid recognized for its ability to enhance reproductive outcomes, immunity, and physiological performance. The algae biomass was harvested and subsequently subjected to different heat-processing treatments, including dehydration and oven-drying at 60°C and 80°C. This was done to evaluate how the processing method influences its bioavailability and effectiveness. Twenty rabbit does and eight bucks were randomly allocated to five distinct dietary treatment groups. These groups included a control group and four experimental groups, each receiving a 1% inclusion of algae biomass processed under the specified conditions. The parameters evaluated encompassed body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, reproductive metrics (such as litter size, birth weight, and gestation length), kit survivability, hematological indices (including packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, and white blood cell (WBC) count), serum biochemical parameters, nutrient digestibility, and behavioral indicators. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in growth performance, reproductive performance, or hematological parameters across any of the treatment groups. Nevertheless, numerical variations were observed in certain measurements, suggesting potential subtle physiological effects attributable to the inclusion of algae. The behavioral assessment, conducted using CCTV recordings, confirmed the presence of standard maternal behaviors such as grooming, fur pulling, and nest building across all treatment groups. This observation supports the conclusion that algae supplementation did not negatively impact the welfare of the rabbits. Furthermore, digestibility trials and serum analyses revealed improvements in nutrient assimilation and biochemical stability within some treatment groups. While the inclusion of heat-processed algae biomass at a 1% dietary level did not yield significant changes in the performance or health of rabbit does, its safety and potential nutritive benefits were substantiated. The study recommends further research to optimize dosage, refine processing techniques, and investigate the long-term effects of algae supplementation in rabbit nutrition, with the ultimate goal of enhancing productivity and sustainability in both smallholder and commercial rabbit farming systems.
RESPONSE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF EWES TO GRADED LEVELS OF SUNDRIED RIPE PLANTAIN PEEL (Musa paradisiaca) MEAL CONCENTRATE DIETS
(2025-07-20) ADEBOYEJO TITILOPE TAIWO
ABSTRACT Globally, the low feed input and labour requirements of sheep husbandry make them adesirable choice for many smallholder farms. The study investigated the response of West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes to varying levels of graded concentrate diets supplemented with ripe plantain peel (Musaparadisiaca). A total of sixteen (16) WAD ewes (18.87± 0.05kg/ewe) were subjected to a feeding trial for 90days, assigned to four treatment groups, each receiving a different inclusion level of ripe plantain peel (0 %,5%, 10%, and 15% SPPM) in their concentrate diets. The chemical compositions of the diets were assessed. In-vitro gas production, dry matter digestibility, performance characteristics, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of experimental animals were also determined after the feeding experiment. Results showed that the proximate parametersof dry matter and crude fiber were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 10% SPPM. Fibre fractions, including NDF, ADF, HEMI, and NFC, were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 5% SPPM. The in-vitrogas production of the experimental diets of dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, fermentation efficiency, metabolizable energy, and short chain fatty acids is higher (p < 0.05) at 10% SPPM with values 35.32, 6.64, 4.68, 8.00, and 3.34, respectively. Growth performance in terms of dry matter intake g/day, weight gain (g/day),and feed conversion ratio is significantly high in ewes fed 10% SPPM diets. All the nutrient digestibility parameters of dry matter (crude protein, crude fibre, ash, and nitrogen-free extract) were highest at 10% SPPM, except for ether extract, which was highest in 0% SPPM (control). The nitrogen retention varied from 50.80% to 62.44%(0 to 15% SPPM).Haematological parameters,including the PCV (%). HC (g/dl), RBC (x106/uL), WBC (x103/uL), LYM (%), MCU (%), MCH (%), MCHC (%) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in ewes fed with 10% SPPM. All parameters analysed for serum were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the diets offered, except the Alanine Transferase (ALT),with nosignificant differences across the experimental groups. This study concludes that sundried plantain peel can be included in the diets at 10% for optimal growth and productivity of West African Dwarf eweswithout negative impacts on feed efficiency or health of the animals.
RESPONSE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS TO DIETS CONTAINING Phyllanthus amarus (STONE-BREAKER)SHOOT POWDER AS PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVE
(2023-11-20) OMOSEBI, BABATUNDE GABRIEL
ABSTRACT The hazardous effects of antibiotics justify the ban on its usage in animal feed by the European Union in 2006. Thus, there is a need to find alternatives to antibiotics in order to bridge the existing gap between improved animal performance and safety of animal products to consumers. This study investigated the effect of diets containing Phyllanthus amarus shoot powder (PASP) on in vitrostudies and nutrient utilization by West African Dwarf Goats (WAD). Two experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 investigated the in vitro gas production, fermentation characteristics and post-incubation parameters of diets containing PASP. The experimental substrate consists of Panicum maximum and a formulated concentrate diet which consist of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/g DM PASP. Gas production was carried out for 48 hours and methane production was estimated. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), In vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) and In vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) were determined.In Experiment 2, Twenty-four West African Dwarf Goats with body weight range of 9.5 – 11.2 kg were used for the experiment. The animals were allocated on a weight equalization basis to four dietary treatments (six animals per treatment) in a Completely Randomized Design. The animals were fed concentrate diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/g inclusion level of PASP and Panicum maximum as basal diet. The feeding trial lasted for 84 days. Data obtained from the two experiments were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using the Duncan's multiple range test. Performance characteristics, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, microbial analysis of rumen fluid, haematological and serum biochemical indices were evaluated.PASP reduced IVDMD and IVNDFD at 15 mg/g inclusion level.The weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by PASP with animals fed diets containing 10 mg/g PASP having the highest weight gain of 3.53 kg. Animals offered diet containing 15 mg/g PASP had the highest(p< 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) digestibility of 79.17%, 82.37% and 78.90%, respectively while the lowest DMI,CP and CF digestibility (73.51%, 76.70% and 68.77%) was recorded respectively with animals fed 0 mg/g PASP. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best with animals fed diets containing 10 and 15 mg/g PASP (8.85 and 9.46), respectively. Nitrogen retention was significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by PASP with animals offered diets containing 15 mg/g PASP having the highest value of 73.67%. Protozoa count reduced significantly in animals fed diets containing 10 and 15 mg/g PASP (0.12 × 103 cell/ml) and (0.13 × 103 cell/ml) respectively.There were significant (p< 0.05) differences in red blood cell count and serum glucose of the animals fed diets containing 15 mg/g PASP having highest value of (10.70 × 1012 /L) and (61.60 mg/dl) respectively. This study concluded that 15 mg/g PASP inclusion in the diet of WAD Goats improved weight gain, FCR, DMI,Nitrogen retention,red blood cell and serum glucose.
RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO DIETS CONTAINING DRIED WATERMELON RIND
(2025-01-20) OLALERE, FAITH ABISOLA
ABSTRACT The increasing cost of conventional feed ingredients necessitates exploring alternative feed sources for sustainable rabbit production. The use of alternative energy source such as dried watermelon rind meal may reduce cost of rabbit production This study evaluated the effect of graded level of dried watermelon rind (DWMR) as replacement for maize on performance of weaner and grower rabbits. A total number of eighty (80) unsexed mixed breed weaner rabbits with an average weight of 630/g were alloted to four treatment group (0, 5, 10 and 15%) inclusion levels of DWMR with twenty (20) animals per treatment on weight equalisation basis. The feeding trial lasted for a period of 98 days with data collected on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, carcass characteristics and liver histology subjected to one way ANOVA. Results showed that nutrient digestibility for weaner and grower rabbit were not significantly different (p>0.05), however, weaner rabbits fed 5% DWMR had higher (p<0.05) final weight and weight gain (1391.25/g and 762.31/g) than those fed 10% DWMR though comparable to rabbits fed 0 and 15% DWMR. Conversely, grower rabbits fed 15% DWMR recorded higher (p<0.05) feed intake than rabbits fed 10%, though similar as 0% and 5% DWMR . Cost benefit analysis of diets of weaner and grower rabbits containing 0% DWMR had the highest feed cost (N559; N545.50) respectively, while 15% DWMR had the least feed cost (N464; N450.50). Furthermore, the red blood cell (RBC) for weaner rabbits on control (0% DWMR) diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 15% DWMR, but comparable to RBC of rabbits on 5 and 10% DWMR diets. Among grower rabbits, highest (p<0.05) RBC (7.17x1012/L) was recorded at 10% DWMR, while least value (6.55 x1012/L) was recorded at 5% inclusion. For serum parameters, weaner rabbits fed DWMR at 5, 10 and15% recorded higher (p<0.05) values for total protein, albumin, and globulin, compared to the control group, while highest (p<0.05) glucose (92.17 mg/dl) was recorded at 15%, but least values (67.98 mg/dl) at 5% for grower rabbit. The eviscerated and dressed weights of the rabbits were significantly (p<0.05) higher at 0 and 10% DWMR. Also, hind limb and chest weights were significantly (p<0.05) influenced with higher values at 0, 5 and 10% inclusion levels. Liver, heart and kidney weights varied significantly (p<0.05), with highest values observed at 10% DWMR. Histological analysis revealed normal histological structure at 5% inclusion levels. Hence this study concluded that DWMR at 5% inclusion level is recommended for better growth performance and cost benefit of weaner rabbits without adverse effect while 10% inclusion level is advised to achieve better carcass yield, while also benefiting from cost reductions for grower rabbits.
RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS TO IN OVO AND ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentus, Mill.)FRUIT EXTRACT
(2025-01-25) OLATUNBOSUN, OLAWALE BABATUNDE
ABSTRACT Early feeding in poultry production provides required nutrients to birds either during the period when the embryo is developing or immediately after hatching. This study comprised of two experiments. In experiment I, the response of broiler chickens to in ovoinjection of tomato fruit extract (TFE) was investigated, while experiment II evaluated the response ofbroiler chickens to oral administration of TFE. A total of 300 hatching eggs of Arbor Acre strain of broiler chickens were used for experiment I. The eggs were sorted, and 300 eggs were found to be settable. After candling the eggs on the 14th day of incubation, 228 eggs were fertile. These eggs were distributed into four treatments: control (non-injected), in ovo administration of 0.05 ml deionized water, 0.05 ml tomato TFE and 0.1 ml TFE, with each treatment containing 57 fertile eggs. In ovo injection of eggs was carried out on the 18th day of incubation. At the end of the incubation period, hatched chicks (176) were weighed and distributed into four replicates. In experiment II, one hundred and ninety-two unsexed Arbor Acre strain of broiler chicks were used. The chicks were weighed and distributed into four treatments (0 ml/L TFE, 10 ml/L TFE, 20 ml/L TFE and 30 ml/L TFE). They were replicated four times, each consisting of 12 birds. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design using Minitab® 21.4.1 (Minitab, 2023) version. Results obtained in experiment I showed that final weight (2400.30 g) and weight gain (2357.77 g) were highest (p< 0.05) in birds from eggs injected with 0.1 ml TFE. Birds from eggs injected with 0.1 ml of TFE had better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to birds in the control group. At the starter phase, birds from eggs injected with 0.1 ml of TFE had the highest (p<0.05) packed cell volume (28.00 %), haemoglobin (10.22 g/dl), total protein (8.05 g/dl), Aspartate aminotransferase (46.00 U/L) and Alanine aminotransferase (112.50 U/L)in experiment I. Birds from eggs injected with 0.1 ml TFE had the highest Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione peroxidase at the starter phase in experiment I compared to what was obtained in the control group. Carcass characteristics, gut morphometry and caeca of the birds were not significantly influenced (p>0.05) by in ovo injection and oral administration of Tomato fruit extract. Duodenal villus height and width were highest in birds from eggs injected with 0.1 ml TFE and those on oral administration of 10 ml/L of TFE. The study concluded that injection of 0.1 ml TFE in ovo improved FCR, blood antioxidant level, and intestinal development in broiler chickens. Stress in broiler chickens can be reduced by in ovo injection TFE at the rate of 0.1 ml/egg at the starter phase and oral administration of up to 30ml of tomato fruit extract per litre of water on day 42.
EFFECT OF Petiveria alliacea EXTRACT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SEXED RABBIT CHALLENGED WITH Salmonella typhimurium
(2025-01-25) OLAWOORE, IFEOLUWA ADEBOLA
Abstract Salmonellosis is a prevalent disease of rabbits that can produce epizootics of high mortality. Plant extracts remain a viable and inexhaustible source of antimicrobial. This study evaluates the effect of Petiveria alliacea extract on performance of sexed rabbit challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. A total of twenty- four mixed breed weaner rabbits (10 weeks old), comprising twelve (12) of male and female were challenged with 0.8ml (10¹³CFUml) of Salmonellatyphimurium and randomly allocated to varying levels of administration ((0.4ml enrofloxacin, 0.4ml and 0.8ml P. alliacea) via the peritoneal cavity. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, data collected on performance indices, haematological indices, some serum metabolite, blood culture, blood oxidative parameter, faecal analysis and liver microbial were arranged in 2×3 factorial layout and analyzed using Generalized linear Model using SAS. Result showed that main effect of sex, administration of P. alliaceaextract and interaction between Sex and P. alliacea extract were not significantly different (p>0.05). However,packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell, eosinophiland basophil were significantly different at the effect of Sex meanwhile PCV, RBC, basophil, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were significant different by the administration of P. alliacea extract and the interaction effect between Sex and P. alliacea has significant effect on the PCV, white blood cell, basophil, MCV and the MCH in haematological indices. In some serum metabolite, effect of sex had significant effect on total protein, globulin, creatinine and Urea respectively. Total protein, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate, globulin, glucose and creatinine were significantly different by the administration of P. alliacea extract. Interaction effect between sex and P. alliacea extract has significant effect (p<0.05) on the Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Glucose, Creatinine and Urea. Blood Culture of Sex had significant (p<0.05) effect on colony forming unit (CFU) at final stage Also, it showed significant (p<0.05) effect in the CFU at the final stage of P. alliacea extract administration while in the interactive effect of Sex and P. alliacea showed no significant (p>0.05) effect on the colony forming unit (CFU). Furthermore, the oxidative parameter showed significant influence (p<0.05)effect on the glutathione peroxidase at the final stage of the interaction between Sex and P. alliacea administration. Faecal analysis was lowest at final day with the female recording highest value when compared the male across the days of collection. At 21st and 42nd the 0.4ml administration level was higher than the 0.8ml. Femalerecorded the highest value at control and 0.8ml administration of P. alliacea extract for the feacal analysis. Liver Microbial revealed that female recording highest value of total bacterial count while result showed that 0.4ml of P. alliacea administration recorded the highest value. The result shows that female record the highest value at 0.4ml P. alliacea administration. Hence, this study recommends the use of Petiveria alliacea extracts in treating the Salmonella infection in animal without any adverse effect on health status of the animal.
EFFECTS OF ECOTYPE ON THE BEHAVIOUR, STRESS-INDUCED HYPERTHERMIA AND TONIC IMMOBILITY OF NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS CHICKENS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT AUDITORY STIMULI
(2024-08-20) OLIYIDE, KOLADE MICHEAL
ABSTRACT The Nigerian indigenous chickens (NIC) are exposed to auditory stimuli such as noise and music in their natural environment. This study determined the effect of ecotype on behaviour, stress-induced hyperthermia and tonic immobility (TI) of NIC subjected to different auditory stimuli. Thirty-two Fulani ecotype hens (FEH) and thirty-two Yoruba ecotype hens (YEH) were used for this study. The hens were selected from existing stock and raised in deep litter pens.Each ecotype of the hens was divided into four replicates with 8 hens assigned into each replicate. The eight hens were further divided into continuous group and intermittent group. Twenty-four Fulani ecotype chicks (FEC) and twenty-four Yoruba ecotype chicks (YEC) were randomly selected from chicks hatched from eggs collected from the hens and were raised in the same system. Each ecotype of chicks was divided into four replicates and six chicks were assigned into each replicate. Both hens and chicks were subjected to four variants of auditory stimuli, continuous noise (CN) and intermittent noise (IN) which were pre-recorded vehicle noise and continuous music (CM) and intermittent music (IM), which were playbacks of “Eine Kleine Nachtmusik – Best of Mozart Collection” played at 85 dB in wooden test arenas and the video playback was observed for perching behaviour (PB), oral-related behaviours (ORB), fear-related behaviours (FRB), body maintenance behaviours (BMB) and negative social behaviours (NSB). Eye temperature (ET), head temperature (HT), wing temperatures (WT) and TI were determined after the exposure to each auditory stimulus. The data obtained were tested for normality after which they were analysed using either Mann-Whitney U test or One-Way Analysis of variance. The results showed that YEH performed PB and BMB more frequently (p<0.05) than the FEH when exposed to IN and CN, respectively. The ET, HT and WT were higher (p<0.05) in FEH than YEH exposed to IN. Higher (p<0.05) ET, HT and WT were recorded for YEH (38.61, 38.25 and 40.86 °C) exposed to CM than the FEH (37.84, 37.36 and 40.36 °C, respectively). The YEH also had higher ET and HT when exposed to IM, but the WT was higher in the FEH than the YEH subjected to IM. FEC performed PB and BMB more frequently (p<0.05) than the YEC exposed to CM. The ET and WT were higher (p<0.05) in FEC subjected to CN while the WT was higher (p<0.05) in FEC than YEC exposed to CM, however, no ecotype effect was found in the TI of Fulani and Yoruba hens and chicks exposed to the auditory stimuli. It was concluded from this study that ecotype caused the YEH to perform PB and BMB more than the FEH in response to IN and CN respectively and FEH had lower surface body temperature compared to the YEH when exposed to CM and IM. FEC had higher ET and WT than YEC when exposed to CN. It is therefore recommended that Fulani chickens are prioritized in improvement programmes due to their superior ability to cope with auditory stress and music should be encouraged as environmental enrichment.
COMPARISON OF TWO GENOTYPES AND THREE MILKING METHODS ON LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF RABBITS AND GROWTH PARAMETERS OF THEIR KITS
(2025-02-15) OLUMOKO, OLUWADAMILARE ADELAJA
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the comparison of two genotypes and three milking methods (MM) on lactational performance of rabbits does and growth parameters of their kits over two lactation periods. Thirty (30) rabbits does in their first parity, weighing between 2 - 4 kg were used for the study, consisting of genotypes; 15 New Zealand white (NZW) and 15 Hyla, and were randomly assigned into 3 groups of different MM at first and second lactations. The rabbits were housed in individual wooden hutch with a slatted floor and fed twice daily with a combination of concentrate and Tridax procumbens in a ratio 50: 50. Milking of the does was done at 08:00 am, once per week for 6 weeks while milk samples for composition was collected on the day of kindling, 14th, 28th and 42nd day respectively. Results showed that high daily milk yield (DMY), total milk yield (TMY) and peak milk yield (PMY) were recorded in rabbits milked through suckle-hand (SH) and weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW) methods compared to hand milking (HM) method. The DMY, TMY and PMY were not influenced (p>0.05) by genotype at both lactations. Interactions between MM and genotype influenced (p<0.05) milk yields at both lactation periods. Hyla does milked with SH (at first lactation) and WSW (at second lactation) methods had the highest milk yields. Genotype influenced (p<0.05) milk colostrum, milk constituents and kit growth performance at both lactations. The kit weaning weight (KWW) and pre-weaning mortality (PWM) were influenced by genotype and MM. Rabbits milked with WSW method had more KWW compared to SH and HM methods while does milked with SH method had the least PWM at both lactations compared to WSW and HM methods. At the first lactation, a significant correlation between milk yield and milk constituents were observed in both genotypes. In NZW does, a weak and negative relationship was observed between milk yield and total solids (r= -0.293); moderate with lactose (r= 0.335); weak and positive correlation with milk moisture (r= 0.291). In Hyla does, however a weak and negative correlation was observed between milk yield and fat (r= -0.355); protein (r= -0.461), but a positive and moderate correlation with lactose (r= 0.404) and solid non-fat (r=0.367). At the second lactation, a significant correlation between milk yield and milk constituents of NZW does was observed to have a weak and negative relationship with fat (r= -0.387), protein (r= -0.214), total solid (r= -0.356) and ash (r= -0.210) but positive and moderate with milk moisture (r= 0.355). In Hyla does, milk yield had a positive and moderate relationship with lactose (r=0.428) and solid non-fat (r=0.366). The study concluded that high milk yields were obtained in rabbits milked by SH and WSW methods while genotype had no influence on milk yields. The milk composition, KWW and PWM were influenced by genotype at both lactations. Therefore, Hyla does are recommended for rabbit production based on their milk quality, milk production and kit survival also SH method of milking should be adopted for milking of rabbits.
RESPONSES OF TURKEYS TO CORTICOSTERONE-INDUCED STRESS FOLLOWING DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH SELENIUM YEAST, VITAMINS E AND C
(2024-10-20) IJADUNOLA, TAYE ISRAEL
ABSTRACT Oxidative stress is an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants (in favour of prooxidants). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the body continuously as a part of normal metabolism. However, when the defense system gets disturbed, there are adverse effects on the performance, product stature, health condition, survival, and overall welfare of poultry birds, and so requires an urgent dietary user-friendly strategy to curb. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of selenium yeast, vitamin E and vitamin C on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, haematology, serum biochemical parameters, and carcass on oxidative stress induced by corticosterone hormone in Turkeys. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) BUT (British United Turkeys) day-old poults were assigned to 8 dietary treatments in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of 4 experimental diets containing no additive, Selenium-yeast(300mg/kg), vitamin C(200mg/kg), vitamins E(200mg/kg) each supplemented with or without corticosterone hormone (80mg/kg). A total of fifteen (15) turkeys were assigned to each treatment and replicated thrice with five (5) turkeys each. The results of this study revealed that without corticosterone better weight gain was recorded in the birds fed vitamin C. The feed conversion ratio was better in birds fed selenium yeast with 0 % corticosterone. The supplemented group without corticosterone showed significant (P<0.05) better live weight, bled weight, and Plucked weight. Packed cell volume (%), white blood cell (%) and Haemoglobin (g/dL) were significantly better in birds supplemented with vitamin E without corticosterone. In comparison to the control treatment, birds fed diets supplemented with Vitamin E and Vitamin C significantly increased serum levels of total protein and albumin under 80mg/kg corticosterone. However, additives of vitamin E, C and selenium did not show any significant effect for total protein and albumin. A significant increase in uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed for birds fed 80mg/kg corticosterone with additives. It can be concluded that inclusion of vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Selenium yeast with or without corticosterone supplement ensures the oxidative stability of turkeys with no adverse effect on growth and blood parameters.
IN OVO AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT SEX REVERSAL TECHNIQUE IN CHICKENS
(2024-12-20) DAINI OLUWADEMILADE EMMANUEL
ABSTRACT Sex reversal techniques offer an innovative solution to improve poultry production and achieve mono-sexing in poultry. This study investigated sex reversal techniques and their influence on hatching parameters, sex ratio and post-hatch performance of egg and meat-type chickens. The study was divided into three experiments. Experiment I considered effects of temperature dependent sex reversal techniques and oral administration of oestradiol on egg-type chickens Experiment II investigated the role of temperature dependent sex reversal techniques and oral administration of letrozole on meat-type chicken and experiment III consider in ovo injection of oestradiol and letrozole on performance of broiler chicken Data collected in the course of three experiments were respectively subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance. In experiment I, hatching parameters and sex ratio were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by higher incubation temperature (38.1℃), while in experiment two, higher chick weights (45.21, 45.24 and 45.31 g) were observed in birds resulting from positive control as well as those administered letrozole orally at 0.5 and 1 ml per bird respectively. . Furthermore, sex ratio also was influenced as more male chicks were observed in birds from the positive control 0.5 and 1 ml orally administered letrozole. In experiment three, in ovo injection of letrozole increased percentage chick yield (73.68%) and resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage of male chicks (87.71%), while hatchability was reduced significantly (p<0.05) as a result of in ovo injection of oestradiol (45.00%). In experiment one, post-hatch administration of oestradiol at 1ml significantly (p<0.05) increased the progesterone level (82.55ng/g) and also increased the number of ova (8.50) and ova weight (18.05g) of 16 weeks old egg-type chicken. Administration of letrozole post hatch in experiment two and in ovo injection of letrozole in experiment three resulted in significantly (p<0.05) improved post hatch performance in term of body weight (2121.40g and 2196.70g), daily weight gain (56.97g and 49.05g), feed conversion ratio (1.68 and 1.63), body linear measurement and carcass characteristics. The study concluded that while higher incubation temperature (38.1℃) cannot be used as a sex reversal technique in egg-type chicken, it is an effective sex reversal method in meat-type chicken. Furthermore, in ovo injection of eggs with letrozole is an effective sex reversal method and can aid higher number of male population in broiler production with improved post-hatch performance.
BG-IV GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH IMMUNE RESPONSE TRAITS IN NIGERIAN LOCALLY-ADAPTED TURKEYS CHALLENGED WITH ATTENUATED ANTIGENS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
(2024-09-20) EMMANUEL, HAPPINESS OSHIOGHIEME
RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENSTO ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND INORGANIC ZINCAT VARYING LEVELS
(2024-12-20) OGUNMEFUN, FELIX TEMIDAYO
ABSTRACT Antibiotics has been prohibited as growth promoters in poultry nutrition due to the emergence of a number of drug-resistant bacteria, drug residues in body tissue and organs, and presence of antibiotics residues in feed and environment. This has led to the promotion of alternatives that have positive characteristics without sacrificing efficiency and profitability. This study was conducted over a six week period to evaluate the response of broiler chickens to oral administration of varying levels of zinc oxide nanoparticles and inorganic zinc. A total of 216 old broiler chicks were assigned into six treatments, each divided into three replicates consisting twelve birds each. The experimental design was a 2x3 arrangement which comprises of two zinc types (nano zinc and inorganic zinc) included in fresh drinking water at 3 levels (0, 60 and 80 mg/l). Antibiotics were administered in drinking water of birds not given zinc (control group). Data were collected weekly on growth performance and on the 42nd day of the experiment, data were collected on blood profile, serum antioxidant activities, blood and meat lipid profile, carcass characteristics, zinc retention in blood, organs and muscles, bone morphometry, microbial load and immune response of the broiler chickens. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. The result showed that the growth performance, serum antioxidant activities, lipid profile, carcass characteristics, caecal microbial load and immune response were not significantly (p>0.05) different between birds administered zinc oxide nanoparticles and inorganic zinc. However, significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in monocyte count of birds administered different zinc types, with birds administered inorganic zinc showing a higher percentage of monocytes. Different zinc levels significantly (p<0.05) influenced the retention of zinc in the heart, liver and blood of broiler chickens, with birds administered 80 mg/l of inorganic zinc showing the highest amount of zinc retained. Furthermore, tibia bone length was significantly (p<0.05) affected by varying levels of zinc administration, the birds administered 60 mg/l of zinc had an increased tibia length (101.26 mm) while birds administered antibiotics had the shortest bone length (94.09 mm). The bursa weight also increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of zinc administration. Additionally, zinc administration at various levels showed similar effect as the antibiotics administered to control group. Hence, this study recommends administering either of the zinc types at rate the of 60 mg/l for enhanced bone length and increased zinc retention in systems of broiler chicken as well as an alternative to antibiotics for caecal microbial load depopulation and improved immune response in broiler chickens.
EFFECTS OF ALGAL BIOMASS ON GROWTH, GESTATIONAL AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, DIGESTIBILITY AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF RABBIT
(2024-12-20) OGUNYALE, OLUWAFUNMIBI OLUFISAYO
ABSTRACT Algal biomass is being explored as a sustainable feed supplement for rabbit production due to its high protein, fiber and nutrient content. This study evaluated the impact of algal biomass on growth performance, gestational and reproductive performance, digestibility, and blood parameters of rabbit weaners and does. The study consisted of three experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of algal biomass on gestational performance and digestibility in 20 rabbit does. The animals were divided into four treatments of five replicates each. Algal biomass was included in the diet at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 %. Experiment 2 examined the residual effect of algal biomass on growth performance in 36 weaner rabbits from does used in Experiment 1, the weaners were divided into 4 treatments corresponding to the does treatments and further sub-divided into 3 replicates of 3 weaners each. Data were collected from the animals for a period of 8 weeks. Experiment 3 assessed the residual effect of algal biomass on gestational performance, reproductive performance, digestibility, and blood indices in rabbit does. Animals from experiment 1 were used for this study, maintaining the same environmental conditions and management practices except for dietary changes. The algal biomass was removed from their diet and all animals were switched to the basal diet. All data collected were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design (CRD) using SAS (2012). Significant means were separated using Duncan multiple Test as contained in the software.The results showed that algal biomass had no significant (p>0.05) effect on gestational performance and nutrient digestibility in rabbit does (Experiment 1). It was also revealed in Experiment 2 that withdrawal of algal biomass from diet of weaner rabbits had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the growth performance. Experiment 3, it revealed that withdrawal of algal biomass did not affect (p>0.05) gestational performance, reproductive performance and digestibility, but significantly (p<0.05) influenced blood indices; increased white blood cell count and monocyte percentage, and decreased urea levels across treatment 2 (0.5%), 3 (1 %) and 4 (1.5 %). The highest (18.63) white blood cell (WBC) was recorded in rabbit does fed diet containing 1.5% inclusion of algal biomass. The highest monocyte (1.50 % and 1.33 %) was obtained in rabbit does fed diet with 0.5 % and 1.5 %. The study concluded that 0.5 - 1.5 % dietary inclusion of algal biomass can be safely added to the diets of rabbit does. This inclusion does not negatively impact their hematological and serum biochemical indices or nutrient digestibility, making it a viable dietary supplement.
EFFECT OF ALGAL BIOMASS SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE AND WELFARE OF RABBIT DOES
(2024-11-20) FAJENYO, IYANUOLUWA BABATUNDE
ABSTRACT Rabbit mortality is a major problem that limits the performance of rabbit and also serves as a poor indicator for welfare in rabbit production. Several efforts have been made to increase the survival rate of rabbit, including efforts to supplements maternal diets with polyunsaturated fatty acid especially DHA. This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of algal biomass (DHA gold) onperformance and welfare of rabbit does and survivability of kits. A total number of 20 Rabbit does of mixed breed with an average weight of 1.8 kg were allotted into 4 treatments each consisting of five replicates in a completely randomized design. Algal biomass was included in the basal diet at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%. Blood samples for analyses were taken via ear vein after 2 weeks of feeding trial. The experiment lasted (8) eight weeks (Four weeks of gestation and four weeks post parturition). Data generated on haematological, serum biochemical parameters, reproductive performance indices (doe weight, conception, gestation period, litter size, kit weight, and percent survivability of the kit) and Kit vitality and behaviour of rabbit does were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. The results revealed that litter size (7.33) and kit weight (50.59g) were significantly (P < 0.05) highest in does fed 1.5% algal biomass. Conception, kindling period, and kitten survivability increased (P>0.05) with increased level of algal biomass inclusion. Furthermore, the results showed that algal biomass supplementation did not influence (p>0.05) all the haematological and serum biochemical parameters as they were all similar across all groups. Moreso, the results also showed that the Vitality of the kitten (latency to suckle (33.500)) was significantly higher in does fed 1.5% algal biomass. Feeding, drinking, grooming lying position behaviour of rabbit does were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by supplementation of algal biomasswhich positively influenced survivability of kits. Based on findings in this study, inclusion of algal biomass at 1.5% improved reproductive performance of rabbits with respect to litter size and kit weight without deleterious impact on health and overall wellbeing of rabbit. Moreso, algal biomass did not pose any threat to vitality of kitten. It was therefore, recommended that dietary inclusion of algal biomass (DHA gold) at 1.5% level in the diet of rabbit does can be used to enhance reproductive performance of rabbit does and vitality of kittens without any harmful effects.
EVALUATION OF Parquetina nigrescens LEAF MEAL AS ADDITIVE IN CASSAVA RESIDUE-BASED DIET FOR WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
(2025-01-20) BALOGUN, MODINAT TEMILOLA
ABSTRACT Crop residues serve as alternative feeds to forage resources which are less available during dry season. However, the fibrous nature of these residues increases methane emission, arising from rumen fermentation thereby limiting growth performance. Phytogenic additives have been identified to improve animal growth performance, hence the use of Parquetina nigrescens leaf meal as an additive. This study evaluated the potentials of Parquetina nigrescens leaf meal (PNLM) as phytogenic additive in cassava residue-based diet for West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. Two experiments were conducted; experiment 1 investigated the in vitro total gas, methane production, fermentation and post-incubation parameters of diets containing PNLM. The experimental substrate for the in vitro experiment included cassava peels, cassava leaves, Megathyrsus maximus and a formulated concentrate diet which contained 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% DM PNLM to form six different treatments. Substrates were incubated for 48 hours and in vitro total gas, methane production and fermentation parameters were evaluated. In experiment 2 was an in vivo study which involved eighteen (18) WAD sheep (12-16 kg body weight), which were divided on weight equalization basis into six groups of three animals each. Each group was randomly allotted to one of the dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed for 90 days during which growth performance characteristics, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, rumen fermentation parameters and blood profile of animals were determined. Data obtained were analyzed. Results showed that inclusion of 2 - 5% PNLM in the substrate degraded caused a reduction (p<0.05) in in vitro total gas (16.80 – 10.80ml), methane (6.21-3.53%) and ammonia nitrogen (20.14 -15.15 mg/100ml) production, reduced (p<0.05) in vitro dry matter degradation (66.37 – 54.14%) and an increased (p<0.05) total volatile fatty acids (36.70 – 54.90 mM/ 100 ml) were observed at 3 - 5% PNLM inclusion. The growth performance parameters were not influenced (p>0.05) by the inclusion of PNLM in the diets. Nitrogen retention was higher (p<0.05) in sheep fed diet containing PNLM up to 5% (50.86 – 55.40%) inclusion. Sheep fed diets with 3 - 5% PNLM recorded the lowest protozoa (400count/g) population compared to the control (2100count/g). Inclusion of PNLM in the diets of WAD sheep increased (p< 0.05) the packed cell volume (25.00 – 42.00%), haemoglobin concentration (9.5 – 14.7 g/dl), total protein (5.2 – 8.2 g/dl), albumin (3.2 – 4.9 g/dl), globulin (2.0 – 3.3 g/dl) and glucose (48.3 – 67.5 mg/dl) levels in sheep within acceptable range. The study concluded that 3 - 5% PNLM levels could be included as phytogenic additive in the diet of West African Dwarf sheep to reduce methane production and ammonia production in the rumen (in vitro), while under the in vivo condition up to 5% PNLM inclusion enhanced efficient nitrogen retention and improved the health status of the animals.
EVALUATION OF QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF GUINEA FOWL SEMEN SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT CRYOPROTOCOLS AND CENTRIFUGATION
(2024-07-20) ASHAWE – ESAN ADEBISI
NUTRITIVE QUALITY OF HYDROPONICALLY PRODUCED FODDER IRRIGATED WITH ORGANIC NUTRIENT SOLUTION AND THEIR SELECTION PREFERENCE BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF RAMS
(2024-11-25) ADEGOKE, TOSIN ADEBIMPE
ABSTRACT Forage production for ruminants is constrained by factors such as limited land availability,and environmental challenges, particularly during dry seasons. Hydroponics fodder production presents an innovative and sustainable solution, ensuring a consistent supply of nutrient-rich feed and supporting optimal animal performance throughout the year. This study evaluated the nutritive quality of hydroponically produced fodder irrigated with water, cattle manure nutrient solutions (CMNS), and poultry manure nutrient solution (PMNS) and the selection preference by West African dwarf rams were also determined. Poultry and Cattle faeces were collected and air-dried. One kilogram of each air-dried manures was mixed continuously in 10 litres of water todissolve the particles and stored in different tanks. Premier Oba Super 2 Hybrid maize, Local maize, Red sorghum, and White sorghum seeds were purchased and soaked in clean water to allow imbibition. The seeds were planted at a rate of 100g/tray, evenly spread in labeled trays, and irrigated with different nutrient solutions in the screen house. The seeds sprouted, and the fodder were harvested 10 days after sowing. Growth parameters, dry matter yield, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production were determined. An acceptability study was also carried out using Six (6) West African dwarf rams (WAD) with an average weight of 9.5 kg to determine the consumption value and coefficient of preference of the fodders. Data collected were subjected to General Linear Model analysis laid out in a factorial design. The results show that Hybrid maize fodder irrigated with PMNShad the highest (p<0.05) dry matter yield. Hybrid maize irrigated with CMNS (2.60cm) and PMNS (2.58cm) solutions showed significantly(p < 0.05) higher number of leaves. Fodder irrigated with CMNS had the highest (95.75 %) dry matter content, while water-irrigated fodder had the lowest (90.20 %). Fodder irrigated with PMNS had the highest (p<0.05) crude protein content(14.91%), whereas fodder irrigated with CMNS had lower ether extract levels (6.05%). Ash content was higher in fodder irrigated with CMNS (5.73 %) and PMNS (6.23 %). Acid detergent lignin (ADL) was higher (6.48 %) in water-irrigated fodder, whereas hemicellulose content was highest (p<0.05) in fodder irrigated with CMNS (24.44 %). CMNS and water-irrigated fodder had similarly high dry matter digestibility (DMD) values (76.17% and 76.33%, respectively), while fodder irrigated with PMNSrecorded lower (73.50 %) DMD value. Hybrid maize fodder had the highest (181.67g/day)consumption and highest (2.59) coefficient of preference, whereas red sorghum fodder (26.67 g/day) and white sorghum fodder(33.33 g/day) had the lowest coefficients. Fodder irrigated with CMNS (81.50g/day), and PMNS (87.50g/day) had higher consumption when fed to WAD rams compared to those irrigated with water (65.25 g/day). Hybrid maize fodder was consumed for a longer time (5.23), indicating it was the most preferred fodder by the animals. Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that hybrid maize fodder irrigated with PMNShas higher growth, improved nutritional quality,digestibility, better consumption, and coefficient of preference, making it the most preferred fodder by WAD rams.
DRY SEASON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN A (RETINOL) ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, HAEMATOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS OF PREGNANT WEST AFRICAN DWARF EWES
(2023-11-25) ADEDIRAN Inioluwa Adegbenga
ABSTRACT This research investigated the influence of dietary supplementation of Vitamin A (Retinol) on growth performance, Haematology and oxidative stress biomakers of pregnant West African dwarf ewes. A total of eighteen (18) matured ewes (14 -16kg) were used for the experiment. The ewes were assigned randomly to three (3) treatment groups consisting of six (6) replicates. The animals were allotted to three (3) experimental diets: Treatment 1 (control) Basal diet and without Vitamin A. Treatment 2 diet supplemented with 140,000IU vit A per Kg; and Treatment 3 for diet supplemented with 280,000IU vitamin A per Kg in a completely randomized design (CRD). Data were collected for growth performance characteristics, haematological and serum biochemical indices and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed using One Way Analysis of Variance while Tukey's test was used to separate significantly different means. Results indicated that all parameters on the growth performance measured were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by thelevels of vitamin A supplementation. Haematological and serum parameters at the onset of the experiment were statistically (p>0.05) different except for haemoglobin, white blood cell and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed across the treatments at the final phase for most of the blood parameters assessed, except for Eosinophils, Basophils, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin while the control group and groups fed 280,000IU vitamin A similarly elevated the packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell and lymphocytes when compared to those offered 140,000IU. It was observed that serum indices measured at the final phase were not significantly (p>0.05)affected except cholesterol. Blood cholesterol reduced as the inclusion level of Vitamin A Increased with ewes in the control group (0IU) having the highest (95.39mg/dl) cholesterol while those in group fed diet containing 280,000IU of Vitamin A had the least (34.10mg/dl). The blood minerals measured were significantly (p<0.05) affected Fe and Ca. Malondialdehyde, Glutathione and Glutathione peroxidase were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dry season dietary supplementation of vitamin A. Ewes on diet containing 280,000IU had the highest value (12.13µmol/L) while those fed diet containing 140,000IU had the leastmalondialdehyde value (7.83µmol/L). Highest Glutathione peroxidase value of 11.03U/gHb was observed in ewes on the control diet while those fed diet containing 280,000IU vitamin A had the least value (8.68U/gHb). This study, therefore concluded that vitamin Asupplementation reduced blood cholesterol, malondialdehyde level and increased Zn and Mg content in West African Dwarf ewes and vitamin A supplementation can be recommended to maintain normal growth performance, health and oxidative stability.
RESPONSE OF GUINEA FOWL TO IN OVO ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID) ON DIFFERENT DAYS OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
(2024-07-25) OLALEYE, DOLAPO ESTHER
ABSTRACT The growing interest in guinea fowl as a hardy and economically valuable poultry specie informed the search for alternatives to enhance its growth performance. This study investigated the effect of in ovo injection of Vitamin B9 at different days (21, 23 and 25) of embryonic development on guinea fowl’s hatching traits, post-hatch growth performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, and carcass characteristics. A total of 180 hatching eggs of helmeted guinea fowl were incubated for 28 days. After candling on day 12, only 112 eggs were fertileand were randomly allotted to four groups: the control group (non-injected group), in ovo 1 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 21), in ovo 3 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 23) and in ovo 5 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 25). Hatching traits were assessed on day 0. Afterwards, body weight and feed intake were evaluated weekly. Two birds/replicate were slaughtered and assessed for lymphoid organs and intestinal morphometry for blood profile, samples were collected for haematological parameters, serum biochemical indices and anti-oxidant status (Superoxide dismutase-SOD, Malondialdehyde-MDA, Glutathione-GSH and Catalase glutathione-CAT) analysis on day 7 and 70. Data collected were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance. The control group had the highest hatchability percentage (94.40%) followed by hatching eggs from in ovo 1 group (72.20%). The egg weight, chick weight and chick to egg ratio were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the days of injection. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin (Hb) level of the guinea fowl were significantly (p<0.05) influenced at day 7 of age. Non-injected group for both PCV (41 %) and Hb (13.70 g/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values than all injected groups while keets from in ovo 5 had significantly lowest value of PCV (31 %) and Hb (10.67 g/dl).The blood antioxidant status on days 23 and 25 had significantly (p<0.05) highest concentration of MDA while SOD and CAT were significantly (p < 0.05) highest in keets from in ovo 1 eggs. Duodenal histomorphometry at hatch was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by treatment. Villus height was highest in keets from eggs injected on days 21 (1.47 µm) and in ovo 5 eggs (1.45 µm). In addition, the proportions of jejunum and ileum were highest (p<0.05) at day 7 in keets from in ovo 3. The study concluded that for an enhanced growth performance and gut development in guinea fowl, in ovo injection of 0.05ml folic acid (vitamin B9) in their fertile eggs on either day 21 or day 25 of embryonic development showed better effect.

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