College of Animal Science & Livestock Production

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    RESPONSE OF GROWING PIGS TO DIET CONTAINING BLACK SOLDIER LARVAL MEAL SUBSTITUTED FOR SOYA BEAN MEAL
    (2023-01-23) AKINTOLA KEHINDE AKINDELE
    ABSTRACT To improve the nutritional quality of livestock diets for optimum performance Black Soldier Larva meal was research in this study. This study evaluated the response of growing pigs fed diets containing Black Soldier Larval Meal (BSFLM) substituted for Soya Bean Meal (SBM). Twenty-four (24) crossbred (Large white x Landrace) male and female growing pigs with initial average body weight of 18.25kg were used for the study. Pigs were randomly allotted by the use of weight equalization tool (WE Tool) into four treatment groups, each with six replicates. Four experimental diets were formulated such that BSFLM replaced SBM at 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels. Data were collected on growth performance, carcass evaluation, intestinal morphology, microbial count and nutrient digestibility. The results showed that growth response of pigs fed the experimental diets were not significantly (P>0.05) affected across the levels of BSF used. Full gut which was significantly (P<0.05) influenced in pigs on 20, 0, 10% diets recorded highest percentage while 30% recorded least percentage. Lamina propria depth were not influencedsignificantly (P>0.05) with highest of 337.50 in pigs on 20% diet. In digestibilityparameters measured were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the percentage BSF replaced soy bean. Total bacterial Count had the highest(P<0.05) value of (1.25) in pigs on the control diet compared to other percentage BSF replacement of soy beans. Urinary nitrogen, total nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the levels of BSF used. The study concluded that the dietary inclusion of BSFLM did not significantly affect growth performance, nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility of grower pig
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    GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MYOSTATIN (MSTN) GENE AND ITS EFFECT ON LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS OF MUTURU CATTLE BREED
    (2023-10-30) OYENIRAN, OYINLOLUWA FIYIN
    ABSTRACT Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β family is a negative regulator of muscle mass. This study was conducted to investigate Myostatin (MSTN) gene polymorphism in exon 1 and its effect on linear body measurements of Muturu cattle breed. Muturu cattle is characterised by a compacted body with good meat quality. A total of 26 animals between age 2 to 12 years were used in this study. 1ml of blood was collected from each cattle and DNA was extracted using Zymo research quick DNA mini prep kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. Data were collected on linear body measurements and were subjected to analysis using General Linear Model of SAS version 9.2. Polymerase chain reaction products of the MSTN gene were amplified and sequenced. The resulting sequences were edited using BIOEDIT and aligned with bovine MSTN of Bos taurus (GenBank Acc. No. AF320998.1) using MEGA 6.0 software. NCBI BLAST software was used to retrieve other cattle sequences and a phylogenetic tree was plotted showing the relationship between Muturu consensus sequence and the other cattle breeds. The sequence information revealed 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MSTN gene that showed genetic variation with 3 synonymous mutations and 7 nonsynonymous mutations. The heterozygosity estimates indicates that all SNPs had low diversity. The allele frequencies for 186T>A, 218C>T, 414T>G, 418A>G, 459A>C, 496G>C were the highest with a value of 0.96. The Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.070 to 0.292. Eight haplotypes were identified in exon 1 with a high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity. All tests of neutrality at exon 1 showed that there was an excess of rare alleles in the Muturu population. The animals were separated into three age groups and the association analysis showed that SNP 345 G > C was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with height at wither, heart girth at 4 to 8 years, rump height and tail length at 2 to 4 years. SNP 481 A > C was significantly associated with muzzle circumference and hock circumference (p < 0.05) at 4 to 8 years. It was concluded that genetic variations exist in exon 1 of MSTN gene making it a candidate marker for genetic improvement. However, there is need to validate the association study with a larger population size.
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    RESPONSE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS TO DIETS CONTAINING Phyllanthus amarus (STONE-BREAKER)SHOOT POWDER AS PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVE
    (2023-11-20) OMOSEBI, BABATUNDE GABRIEL
    ABSTRACT The hazardous effects of antibiotics justify the ban on its usage in animal feed by the European Union in 2006. Thus, there is a need to find alternatives to antibiotics in order to bridge the existing gap between improved animal performance and safety of animal products to consumers. This study investigated the effect of diets containing Phyllanthus amarus shoot powder (PASP) on in vitrostudies and nutrient utilization by West African Dwarf Goats (WAD). Two experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 investigated the in vitro gas production, fermentation characteristics and post-incubation parameters of diets containing PASP. The experimental substrate consists of Panicum maximum and a formulated concentrate diet which consist of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/g DM PASP. Gas production was carried out for 48 hours and methane production was estimated. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), In vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) and In vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) were determined.In Experiment 2, Twenty-four West African Dwarf Goats with body weight range of 9.5 – 11.2 kg were used for the experiment. The animals were allocated on a weight equalization basis to four dietary treatments (six animals per treatment) in a Completely Randomized Design. The animals were fed concentrate diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/g inclusion level of PASP and Panicum maximum as basal diet. The feeding trial lasted for 84 days. Data obtained from the two experiments were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using the Duncan's multiple range test. Performance characteristics, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, microbial analysis of rumen fluid, haematological and serum biochemical indices were evaluated.PASP reduced IVDMD and IVNDFD at 15 mg/g inclusion level.The weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by PASP with animals fed diets containing 10 mg/g PASP having the highest weight gain of 3.53 kg. Animals offered diet containing 15 mg/g PASP had the highest(p< 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) digestibility of 79.17%, 82.37% and 78.90%, respectively while the lowest DMI,CP and CF digestibility (73.51%, 76.70% and 68.77%) was recorded respectively with animals fed 0 mg/g PASP. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best with animals fed diets containing 10 and 15 mg/g PASP (8.85 and 9.46), respectively. Nitrogen retention was significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by PASP with animals offered diets containing 15 mg/g PASP having the highest value of 73.67%. Protozoa count reduced significantly in animals fed diets containing 10 and 15 mg/g PASP (0.12 × 103 cell/ml) and (0.13 × 103 cell/ml) respectively.There were significant (p< 0.05) differences in red blood cell count and serum glucose of the animals fed diets containing 15 mg/g PASP having highest value of (10.70 × 1012 /L) and (61.60 mg/dl) respectively. This study concluded that 15 mg/g PASP inclusion in the diet of WAD Goats improved weight gain, FCR, DMI,Nitrogen retention,red blood cell and serum glucose.
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    DRY SEASON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN A (RETINOL) ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, HAEMATOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS OF PREGNANT WEST AFRICAN DWARF EWES
    (2023-11-25) ADEDIRAN Inioluwa Adegbenga
    ABSTRACT This research investigated the influence of dietary supplementation of Vitamin A (Retinol) on growth performance, Haematology and oxidative stress biomakers of pregnant West African dwarf ewes. A total of eighteen (18) matured ewes (14 -16kg) were used for the experiment. The ewes were assigned randomly to three (3) treatment groups consisting of six (6) replicates. The animals were allotted to three (3) experimental diets: Treatment 1 (control) Basal diet and without Vitamin A. Treatment 2 diet supplemented with 140,000IU vit A per Kg; and Treatment 3 for diet supplemented with 280,000IU vitamin A per Kg in a completely randomized design (CRD). Data were collected for growth performance characteristics, haematological and serum biochemical indices and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed using One Way Analysis of Variance while Tukey's test was used to separate significantly different means. Results indicated that all parameters on the growth performance measured were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by thelevels of vitamin A supplementation. Haematological and serum parameters at the onset of the experiment were statistically (p>0.05) different except for haemoglobin, white blood cell and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed across the treatments at the final phase for most of the blood parameters assessed, except for Eosinophils, Basophils, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin while the control group and groups fed 280,000IU vitamin A similarly elevated the packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell and lymphocytes when compared to those offered 140,000IU. It was observed that serum indices measured at the final phase were not significantly (p>0.05)affected except cholesterol. Blood cholesterol reduced as the inclusion level of Vitamin A Increased with ewes in the control group (0IU) having the highest (95.39mg/dl) cholesterol while those in group fed diet containing 280,000IU of Vitamin A had the least (34.10mg/dl). The blood minerals measured were significantly (p<0.05) affected Fe and Ca. Malondialdehyde, Glutathione and Glutathione peroxidase were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dry season dietary supplementation of vitamin A. Ewes on diet containing 280,000IU had the highest value (12.13µmol/L) while those fed diet containing 140,000IU had the leastmalondialdehyde value (7.83µmol/L). Highest Glutathione peroxidase value of 11.03U/gHb was observed in ewes on the control diet while those fed diet containing 280,000IU vitamin A had the least value (8.68U/gHb). This study, therefore concluded that vitamin Asupplementation reduced blood cholesterol, malondialdehyde level and increased Zn and Mg content in West African Dwarf ewes and vitamin A supplementation can be recommended to maintain normal growth performance, health and oxidative stability.
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    DRY SEASON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN A (RETINOL) ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, HAEMATOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS OF PREGNANT WEST AFRICAN DWARF EWES
    (2023-11-30) ADEDIRAN Inioluwa Adegbenga
    ABSTRACT This study investigated the influence of dietary supplementation of Vitamin A (Retinol) on growth performance, Haematology and oxidative stress biomakers of pregnant West African dwarf ewes. A total of eighteen (18) matured ewes (14 -16kg) were used for the experiment. The ewes were randomly assigned to three (3) treatment groups consisting of six (6) replicates. The animals were allotted to three (3) experimental diets: Treatment 1 (control) Basal diet and without Vitamin A. Treatment 2 diet supplemented with 140,000IU vit A per Kg; and Treatment 3 for diet supplemented with 280,000IU vitamin A per Kg in a completely randomized design (CRD). Data were collected for growth performance characteristics, haematological and serum biochemical indices and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed using One Way Analysis of Variance while Tukey's test was used to separate significantly different means. Results indicated that all parameters on the growth performance measured were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the levels of vitamin A supplementation. Haematological and serum parameters at the onset of the experiment were statistically (p>0.05) different except for haemoglobin, white blood cell and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed across the treatments at the final phase for most of the blood parameters assessed, except for Eosinophils, Basophils, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin while the control group and groups fed 280,000IU vitamin A similarly elevated the packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell and lymphocytes when compared to those offered 140,000IU. It was observed that serum indices measured at the final phase were not significantly (p>0.05) affected except cholesterol. Blood cholesterol reduced as the inclusion level of Vitamin A Increased with ewes in the control group (0IU) having the highest (95.39mg/dl) cholesterol while those in group fed diet containing 280,000IU of Vitamin A had the least (34.10mg/dl). The blood minerals measured were significantly (p<0.05) affected Fe and Ca. Malondialdehyde, Glutathione and Glutathione peroxidase were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dry season dietary supplementation of vitamin A. Ewes on diet containing 280,000IU had the highest value (12.13μmol/L) while those fed diet containing 140,000IU had the least malondialdehyde value (7.83 μmol/L). Highest Glutathione peroxidase value of 11.03U/g Hb was observed in ewes on the control diet while those fed diet containing 280,000IU vitamin A had the least value (8.68U/g Hb). This study, therefore concluded that vitamin A supplementation reduced blood cholesterol, malondialdehyde level and increased Zn and Mg content in West African Dwarf ewes and vitamin A supplementation can be recommended to maintain normal growth performance, health and oxidative stability.
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    INFLUENCE OF YEASTS AS FEED SUPPLEMENT ON SERUM ELECTROLYTES AND BODY FUNCTION PROFILE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
    (2024-05-24) ADENIYI, OPEOLUWA DAVID
    ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the influence of yeasts as feed supplement on serum electrolytes and body function profile of West African Dwarf goats. In the study, twenty (25) West African Dwarf goats between the weight of 8-10 kg were sourced and randomly allocated to five (5) dietary treatments; T1 (0% ), T2 (100% S. cerevesiae), T3 (100% A. oryzae), T4 (50% S. cerevesiae : 50% A. oryzae) and T5 (70% S. cerevesiae : 30% A. oryzae) and each treatment was replicated 5 times and fed for 98 days including 14 days of adaptation . On the last day of the experiment blood was collected. The results showed that there was no significant effect on the serum electrolytes and body function profile except the creatine kinase (CK) level. However, animals fed T4 and T5 diets recorded increase in the value of the CK level (159.0-163.8 U/L and 159.0-180.0 U/L respectively). It can be concluded that the inclusion of yeasts in combination (S. cerevesiae and A. oryzaeanimals ) in animal diets increased the LDH and CK level of blood serum electrolyte of WAD goats.
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    ASSOCIATION OF KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR-15 (KLF 15) GENE (EXON 2) POLYMORPHISM WITH BODY WEIGHT AND MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS IN IMPROVED NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS CHICKENS
    (2024-07-25) BABALOLA, Diran Afolabi
    ABSTRACT Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are transcriptional regulators that are members of the zinc-finger family, crucial for the expression, development, and differentiation of several mammalian cell types. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between KLF 15 gene polymorphism, body weight and morphometric traits in Nigerian indigenous chickens (NIC). A total of 250-day-old chick of Nigerian indigenous chickens were procured; and over the course of eight weeks, data on the morphometric traits of the birds were collected including the live body weight of the birds. At 8 weeks of age, a total of sixty (60) chickens were selected at random having 20 birds selected for each genotype while blood samples were collected from the chickens. Preliminary analysis including main and interaction effects of sex, chicken genotype, and KLF 15 genotype on body weight and morphometric traits were done but the effects of interaction were not significant while the evolutionary analysis was also conducted using Molecular Evolution and Genetic Analysis (MEGA X) software. The effects of genotype on body weight of NIC indicated that at weeks 4, 6, 7 and 8, normal feather chicken had significantly highest body weight (386.66±18.93g, 772.48±30.96, 1034.37±52.03g, 1158.13±51.99g) compared to naked neck (380.18±16.9g, 753.56±34.74g, 940.92±42.31g, 1140.06±45.63g) and frizzle feather (322.54±17.84g, 627.64±35.48g, 857.78±44.53g, 943.35±53.15g), respectively. The effect of genotype showed that Normal feather chicken had significantly (P<0.05) highest body length (19.15±0.40cm; 20.71±0.46cm) at week 7 and 8, respectively, compared to Frizzle feather and Naked neck. For thigh length, Frizzle feather chicken genotype was significantly higher (12.81±0.54cm) compared to Naked neck chickens. The Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) patterns showed the genotypes of KLF 15 gene displayed the PCR products of size 1000bp DNA ladder with a single, specific and non-specific bands possessing two homozygous genotypes denoted as AA, BB, and one heterozygous genotype denoted as AB. Observed alleles and genotypic frequencies of KLF 15 gene locus in the chickens’ populations showed that AA was the only genotype to be the most common among the chickens. The highest genetic identity was observed between Naked neck and Frizzle feather chickens (0.995); and Normal feather and Frizzle feather chickens (0.995). The association of KLF 15 gene with body weight and morphometric traits of Nigerian indigenous chicken at various weeks showed that KLF 15 genotype AA, AB and BB with body weight and span length had significant (p<0.05) association at week 7, wing length at week 2 and week 8. It can be concluded that Normal feather chickens were superior to other genotypes in body weight and most body measurements and similar trend was observed for male chickens compared to female chickens while the evolutionary analysis showed that Normal feathers and Naked necks are closely related. Considering the superior body weight and measurements, Normal Feather chickens can be selectively bred to improve these traits across the population.
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    RESPONSE OF GUINEA FOWL TO IN OVO ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID) ON DIFFERENT DAYS OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
    (2024-07-25) OLALEYE, DOLAPO ESTHER
    ABSTRACT The growing interest in guinea fowl as a hardy and economically valuable poultry specie informed the search for alternatives to enhance its growth performance. This study investigated the effect of in ovo injection of Vitamin B9 at different days (21, 23 and 25) of embryonic development on guinea fowl’s hatching traits, post-hatch growth performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, and carcass characteristics. A total of 180 hatching eggs of helmeted guinea fowl were incubated for 28 days. After candling on day 12, only 112 eggs were fertileand were randomly allotted to four groups: the control group (non-injected group), in ovo 1 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 21), in ovo 3 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 23) and in ovo 5 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 25). Hatching traits were assessed on day 0. Afterwards, body weight and feed intake were evaluated weekly. Two birds/replicate were slaughtered and assessed for lymphoid organs and intestinal morphometry for blood profile, samples were collected for haematological parameters, serum biochemical indices and anti-oxidant status (Superoxide dismutase-SOD, Malondialdehyde-MDA, Glutathione-GSH and Catalase glutathione-CAT) analysis on day 7 and 70. Data collected were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance. The control group had the highest hatchability percentage (94.40%) followed by hatching eggs from in ovo 1 group (72.20%). The egg weight, chick weight and chick to egg ratio were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the days of injection. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin (Hb) level of the guinea fowl were significantly (p<0.05) influenced at day 7 of age. Non-injected group for both PCV (41 %) and Hb (13.70 g/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values than all injected groups while keets from in ovo 5 had significantly lowest value of PCV (31 %) and Hb (10.67 g/dl).The blood antioxidant status on days 23 and 25 had significantly (p<0.05) highest concentration of MDA while SOD and CAT were significantly (p < 0.05) highest in keets from in ovo 1 eggs. Duodenal histomorphometry at hatch was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by treatment. Villus height was highest in keets from eggs injected on days 21 (1.47 µm) and in ovo 5 eggs (1.45 µm). In addition, the proportions of jejunum and ileum were highest (p<0.05) at day 7 in keets from in ovo 3. The study concluded that for an enhanced growth performance and gut development in guinea fowl, in ovo injection of 0.05ml folic acid (vitamin B9) in their fertile eggs on either day 21 or day 25 of embryonic development showed better effect.
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    COMBINED EFFECTS OF TWO PHYTOGENIC LEAF POWDER AT GRADED INCLUSION LEVELS ON NATURAL TOXICANTS OF A GRASS-BROWSE LEAF MEAL
    (2024-08-05) ODUSAMI, BOLUWAPE EMMANUEL
    ABSTRACT The study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of two phytogenic feed (Azadirachtaindica(neem) and Morindalucida(morinda)) leaf powder at graded inclusion levels on the natural toxicants of a grass-browse (Megathyrsusmaximus – Leucaenaleucocephala) leaf meal. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized design, with different combinations of Megathyrsusmaximusand Leucaenaleucocephala leaf meal, with the inclusion of neem leaf and Morindalucidaleaf powder at different proportions as follows: TN1(Megathyrusus maximus100%) TN2(Megathyrsusmaximus70% andLeucaenaleucocephala 30%) TN3(Megathyrsusmaximus70% ,Leucaenaleucocephala 25% and Neem 5%) TN4(Megathyrsusmaximus70% ,Leucaenaleucocephala 20% and Neem 10%) TN5(Megathyrsusmaximus70% ,Leucaenaleucocephala 15% and Neem 15%) TN6(Megathyrsusmaximus70% ,Leucaenaleucocephala 10% and Neem 20%) TN7(Megathyrsusmaximus70% ,Leucaenaleucocephala 5% and Neem 25%) TN8(Megathyrsusmaximus70% ,Leucaenaleucocephala 0% and Neem 30%). Phytochemical analysis revealed significant effects (p<0.05) of the treatments on the levels of these natural toxicants. The results indicated that the inclusion of neem leaf and morindalucida powder in the diet significantly reduced the levels of tannin, while also impacting saponin and phytate content. Tannin content ranged from 45.50 in TNM4 TO 76.33 in TNM3, Saponin content was lowest in 0.87 with higher values recorded TN2 and TN3.The values of oxalate content ranged from 0.77-1.65 with the highest value recorded for TN2 and TM2 and the least value in TNM7 while also impacting saponin and phytate contents. The study concluded that Tannin content was higher in TNM3 with lower saponin, oxalate content was lowest in TNM7 and highest for TNM1, saponin content was highest for TNM2. The study recommends TNM4 which contains the relatively low
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    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION OF MEGATHYRSUS MAXIMUS ANDLEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALALEAF MEAL AS INFLUENCED BY MORINDA LUCIDA INCLUSION
    (2024-08-05) SOBOWALE, TEMILOLUWA OMOLADE
    ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of inclusion levels of Morindalucida on the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of a lead tree (Leucaenaleucocephala) and guinea grass (Megathyrsusmaximus) leaf meal. Parameters evaluated included proximate composition, in vitro gas production and fiber fractions of M. maximus - L. leucocephala leaf meal with, varying levels of Morindalucida inclusion. The findings revealed that TM2 with 70% M. maximus and 30 % L. leucocephala with no M. lucida, was at par (P>0.05) with TM3 which was 100: 25: 5% inclusion of the inclusion of Morindalucida; andthey significantly enhanced the crude protein content and overall nutritional value of the M. maximus - L. leucocephalaleaf meal. Additionally, the study demonstrates that Morindalucida improves rumen fermentation efficiency, as indicated by increased in vitro gas production. This suggests that Morindalucida could be a valuable feed additive for improving ruminant nutrition at an inclusion level not higher than 5%.
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    EFFECT OF Azadirachtaindicainclusion on CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND In-vitroGAS PRODUCTION OF Megathyrsus maximus – Leucaena leucocephalaLEAF MEAL
    (2024-08-12) OLUBAJO, AYOMIDE SAMSON
    ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of Azadirachtaindica inclusion on chemical composition and in-vitro gas production of Megathyrsus maximus – Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal. The experiment was laid in a complete randomized design with 8 treatments of varying levels of Azadirachtaindica inclusion as Megathyrsus maximus 100%, Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 30%, Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucaena leucocephala 25% + Neem 5%, Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 20% + Neem 10%, Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 15% + Neem 15%, Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 10% + Neem 20%, Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 5% + Neem 25%, Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 0% + Neem 30%. Data collected were subjected to one ways analysis of variance and the treatment means was separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test using SAS. Result showed that dry matter content was significantly higher across all feed treatment. However, feed meal containing Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 30% (TN2) and Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 25% + Neem 5% (TN3) had significantly (p<0.05) the highest crude protein (14.87% and 13.84%), ether extract (9.70% and 9.77%), and the least Neutral detergent fibre (42.95% and 42.90%) compare to other feed treatment. Feed meal containing Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 30% (TN2) and Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 25% + Neem 5% (TN3) had significantly (p<0.05) highest gas production across the incubation period compare to the least gas volume recorded in recorded in control feed (Megathyrsus maximus 100% (TN1)). In contrary, control feed (Megathyrsus maximus 100% (TN1)) had the highest methane gas production (6.10 ml/g DM) at the ends of 24 hours of incubation. However, feed meal containing Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 30% (TN2) and Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 25% + Neem 5% (TN3) also recorded high methane gas production 5.60 ml/g DM and 4.20 ml/g DM respectively compare to 1.80 ml/g DM recorded in feed meal containing Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 5% + Neem 25% (TN7) and Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 0% + Neem 30% (TN8). carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly (p<0.05) highest in feed meal containing Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 25% + Neem 5% (TN3) and Megathyrsus maximus 70% + Leucena leucocephala 20% + Neem 10% (TN4) with 13.40 ml/g
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    MINERAL CONTENTS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF Megathyrsus maximus, Pueraria phaseoloides AND THEIR MIXTURES
    (2024-08-12) OYETUNJI, MOTUNRAYO FATIMAT
    ABSTRACT The study evaluated the mineral contents and secondary metabolites of Megathyrsus maximus, Pueraria phaseoloides and their mixtures. The forage types were harvested at 6 weeks after planting during the rainy season from 15 cm above ground level. Mineral and anti-nutritional factors of the forages were evaluated. The statistical analysis was a one-way analysis and replicated three times. The result indicated that Mixing Pueraria phaseoloides and Megathyrsus maximus offered a more balanced mineral profile than the pure forage treatments. Also, the inclusion of Megathyrsus maximus in the forage mixtures can effectively mitigate the negative impact of anti-nutritional factors commonly found in legumes, such as Pueraria phaseoloides. This study provides valuable insight that mixing grass and legume increased animal nutrient and reduce the negative impact of antinutritional factors.
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    PROXIMATE AND FIBRE COMPOSITION OF MEGARTHRYSUS MAXIMUS - LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALALEAF MEAL AS AFFECTED BY INCLUSION LEVELS OFMORINDA LUCIDA
    (2024-08-16) OLUBUNMI, OLAMIDE ROFIAT
    ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects ofMorindalucida(brimstone) leaf powder inclusion levels on proximate and fibre composition of leaf meal made of Megarthrysus maximus (guinea grass) andLeucaenaleucocephala(lead-tree). The experimental design employed was a completely randomized design, incorporating eight treatments combinations with varying percentages of Morindalucida inclusion; M. maximus 100%, M. maximus 70%: L. Leucocephala 30%, M.maximus 70%: L. Leucocephala 25%: M. lucida 5%, M. maximus 70%: L. Leucocephala 20%: M. lucida10%, M. maximus 70%: L. Leucocephala 15%: M. lucida 15%, M. maximus 70%: L.Leucocephala10%: M. lucida 20%, M. maximus 70%: L. Leucocephala 5%: M. lucida 25%, M. maximus 70%: L. Leucocephala 0%: M. lucida 25% into the leaf meal. The analysis focused on proximate compositions: dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, Ash and non-fibre carbohydrate and fibre fractions: neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. All data collected during the experimental period was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that the highest DM content was observed in the treatment with 70% M. maximus and 30% L. leucocephala, which suggests thatinclusion of L. leucocephalato M. maximusincreased the DM content. The inclusion of M. lucida tended to reduce CP content, as observed in treatments with higher M. lucida percentages. The highest ether extract content was found in the 70% M. maximus and 30% L. leucocephala treatment, which shows that M. lucida inclusion tends to decrease the EE content due to it lower fat content. Ash content, which indicates mineral content with no significant differences among treatments, suggest that while the inclusion of M. lucida affects other components, it does not significantly (P>0.05) alter the mineral content of the leaf meals. The highest NDF content was observed in the 100% M. maximus treatment. TM2and TM3had a similar (P 0.05) CP, EE, NFC and fibre profile. Therefore, Megathyrsus maximus 70%: L. leucocephala 25%: M. lucida 5% is recommended for its high CP, the lowest ADF, lower ADL and relatively high NDF.
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    EFFECTS OF ECOTYPE ON THE BEHAVIOUR, STRESS-INDUCED HYPERTHERMIA AND TONIC IMMOBILITY OF NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS CHICKENS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT AUDITORY STIMULI
    (2024-08-20) OLIYIDE, KOLADE MICHEAL
    ABSTRACT The Nigerian indigenous chickens (NIC) are exposed to auditory stimuli such as noise and music in their natural environment. This study determined the effect of ecotype on behaviour, stress-induced hyperthermia and tonic immobility (TI) of NIC subjected to different auditory stimuli. Thirty-two Fulani ecotype hens (FEH) and thirty-two Yoruba ecotype hens (YEH) were used for this study. The hens were selected from existing stock and raised in deep litter pens.Each ecotype of the hens was divided into four replicates with 8 hens assigned into each replicate. The eight hens were further divided into continuous group and intermittent group. Twenty-four Fulani ecotype chicks (FEC) and twenty-four Yoruba ecotype chicks (YEC) were randomly selected from chicks hatched from eggs collected from the hens and were raised in the same system. Each ecotype of chicks was divided into four replicates and six chicks were assigned into each replicate. Both hens and chicks were subjected to four variants of auditory stimuli, continuous noise (CN) and intermittent noise (IN) which were pre-recorded vehicle noise and continuous music (CM) and intermittent music (IM), which were playbacks of “Eine Kleine Nachtmusik – Best of Mozart Collection” played at 85 dB in wooden test arenas and the video playback was observed for perching behaviour (PB), oral-related behaviours (ORB), fear-related behaviours (FRB), body maintenance behaviours (BMB) and negative social behaviours (NSB). Eye temperature (ET), head temperature (HT), wing temperatures (WT) and TI were determined after the exposure to each auditory stimulus. The data obtained were tested for normality after which they were analysed using either Mann-Whitney U test or One-Way Analysis of variance. The results showed that YEH performed PB and BMB more frequently (p<0.05) than the FEH when exposed to IN and CN, respectively. The ET, HT and WT were higher (p<0.05) in FEH than YEH exposed to IN. Higher (p<0.05) ET, HT and WT were recorded for YEH (38.61, 38.25 and 40.86 °C) exposed to CM than the FEH (37.84, 37.36 and 40.36 °C, respectively). The YEH also had higher ET and HT when exposed to IM, but the WT was higher in the FEH than the YEH subjected to IM. FEC performed PB and BMB more frequently (p<0.05) than the YEC exposed to CM. The ET and WT were higher (p<0.05) in FEC subjected to CN while the WT was higher (p<0.05) in FEC than YEC exposed to CM, however, no ecotype effect was found in the TI of Fulani and Yoruba hens and chicks exposed to the auditory stimuli. It was concluded from this study that ecotype caused the YEH to perform PB and BMB more than the FEH in response to IN and CN respectively and FEH had lower surface body temperature compared to the YEH when exposed to CM and IM. FEC had higher ET and WT than YEC when exposed to CN. It is therefore recommended that Fulani chickens are prioritized in improvement programmes due to their superior ability to cope with auditory stress and music should be encouraged as environmental enrichment.
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    IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION AND POST INCUBATION PARAMETERS OF FORAGE LEGUMES AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS
    (2024-08-23) EZEAKU CHIOMA CHINONSO
    ABSTRACT The field experiment was carried out at the (CEDEASE) screen house at the College of Plant Science (COPLANT), and the laboratory of the Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta to evaluate in vitro gas production and post incubation parameters of forage legumes as affected by different processing methods. The experiment was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with the field area measuring 4.5m2 divided into three (3) replicates. The three processing method used for the study are fresh, wilt and dried with two legumes type Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and Sensitive jointvetch (Aeschynomene histrix), replicated three times. The results shows there were no significant (p>0.05) differences across the parameters except for Ether extract (EE), Ash and Cellulose content as influenced by drying methods. EE and Ash values of 11.42% and 12.50% was recorded for P. lunatus while A. histrix the highest value 21.73 for cellulose content. However, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences across the parameters observed for in vitro gas production and the post incubation parameters except for x24, CO2, IVDMD and ME, with P. lunatus having the higher values than A. histrix. The interaction effect of processing methods on proximate composition (%) and fibre fraction (%) revealed that the parameters are significantly (p<0.05) different, wilted A. histrix had the highest value of 22.43% for CP, while fresh P. lunatus had the lowest CP value of 16.00%. The interaction effect result of the in vitro gas production and the post incubation parameters revealed that the parameters are significantly (p<0.05) different. At the end of the gas production, fresh P. lunatus, have the highest gas production, and there is no different in the gas production of the other processing forms when compare with the legumes. It can be concluded from this study wilting forage before giving it to livestock can increase the crude protein content and it’s also highly digestible.
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    EFFECT OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION RATE AND SUBSTRATE ON ABOVE GROUND TRAITS OF Zea mays IN A SOILLESS FARMING SYSTEM
    (2024-08-24) OKE, DEBORAH BLESSING
    ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of fertilizer application rates and substrate on some above ground traits of Zea mays in a soilless farming system. The experiment was laid out as 3 x 3 factorial arrangement in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three (2) factors; 3 fertilizer application rates (0, 120 and 240kgNha-1), 3 substrate medium (Coco peat, grow mix and rice husk). Data collected were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and various means were separated using Duncan multiple range test. The result showed that fertilizer application rates had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the aboveground traits at measured in this study. However, grow mix and coco peat substrates recorded significant higher value (24.13, 24.13, 17.73 and 0.76 cm) and least value (14.95, 3.88 and 10.98 cm) of Plant length, Plant height, leaf length and leaf thickness at 4 weeks respectively. Highest value (0.86 and 6.55 cm) and least value (0.41 and 4.33 cm) of Leaf width and number of leaves were recorded for Rice husk and Coco peat at 4 weeks. At 6 weeks of growth, Grow mix recorded highest value (2.40 cm) while coco peat recorded the least value (1.2 cm) of Leaf width. At 7 weeks of growth. 0kgNha-1 recorded highest value (31.46 cm) while the least value (14.85 cm) of leaf length was recorded for 120kgNha-1. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of substrate on the aboveground traits measured in this study. Therefore, it can be concluded that maize grown on grow mix (GM) substrate increased the aboveground traits.
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    EFFECT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA AND MORINDA LUCIDA LEAF INCLUSION ON MINERAL CONTENT AND FIBER FRACTION OF A MEGATHYRSUS MAXIMUS-LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA LEAF MEAL
    (2024-08-24) ALUKO, SEGUN EMMANUEL
    ABSTRACT This studyinvestigates the effect of Azadirachtaindicaand Morindalucidaleaf powder inclusion at varying levels, on the mineral content and fibre fraction of a Megathyrsusmaximus-Leucaenaleucocephala leaf meal at different proportions. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria and involved a complete randomized design (CRD) with 8 treatments combination. TNM1 is 100% (Megathyrsusmaximus). TNM2 is 70:30 (Megathyrsusmaximus;Leucaenaleucocephala) respectively, TNM3 (Megathyrsusmaximus: Leucaenaleucocephala: Azadirachtaindica: Morindalucida) 70:25:2.5:2.5, TNM4 (70:20:5:5), TNM5 (70;20:7.5:2.5), TNM6 (70:20:2.5:7.5), TNM7 (70:20:3.75:1.25) and TNM8 (70:20:1.25:3.75). Samples collected from each treatment was analyzed for their mineral profiles and fiber components, including neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin. Results indicated that the inclusion of these phytogenic plants significantly altered the mineral content, without a consistent trend. Notably, thetreatment TNM1 (100%), TNM2 is (70:30) and TNM5 (70:20:7.5:2.5) displayed distinct variation in fibre composition, with TNM1 having the highest value for NDF, ADF, ADL and cellulose. Also, the fiber fraction analysis revealed modifications in NDF and ADF levels, suggesting a potential improvement in intake, digestibility and overall nutritional quality of the leaf meal, it was concluded in this study that the inclusion of Azadirachtaindica leaf and Morindalucida powder at 2.5 % each – TNM3 in Megathyrsusmaximus-Leucaenaleucocephala leaf meals resulted in a positive influence of mineral and fibre fraction profile.
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    In vitroAND METHANE GAS PRODUCTION OF Cenchrus purpureus AS INFLUENCED BY GRADED LEVELS OF GINGER POWDER INCLUSION
    (2024-08-25) TITILAYO, DEBORAH OLAMIDE
    ABSTRACT Livestock production is one of the strong pillars of food industry and they contribute to global climate change by emitting greenhouse gases from enteric fermentation and manure management. This experiment was carried out to investigate onin vitro gas production of Cenchrus purpureus as influenced by graded levels of ginger powder inclusion. The effect of different inclusion levels of ginger powder meal on the proximate composition, fibre fractions of C. purpureus, in vitro gas production and post incubation parameters were carried out. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with Cenchrus purpureusand different inclusion levels of Zingiber officinale (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10mg/g). Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results showed significant (p<0.05) differences in the gas volume produced across the hours of incubation due to the effect of the ginger powder inclusion levels compared to the control. The gas volumes recorded at the 6th, 12th and 24th hour of incubation increased at 5.0mg/g and 7.5 mg/g of ginger powder inclusion level. Gas volumes recorded at the highest inclusion level of ginger powder (10mg/g) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from the control across the recorded hours of incubation. On the other hand, CH4 and methane percentage values decreased as the inclusion levels of ginger powder increased in the inoculum, while there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the in vitro dry matter digestibility values.It can be concluded that ginger powder inclusion increased gas production at levels of 5.0mg/g and 7.5mg/g. Methane production and methane percentage decreased as the ginger powder inclusion levels increased.Based on the positive effects on fermentation parameters at inclusion levels of 5.0mg/g or 7.5mg/g of ginger powder per unit of feed is recommended for optimal results.
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    A PRPJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
    (2024-08-26) RASHEED, YUSUF OLAWALE
    ABSTRACT Grass family is undoubtedly the most important plant family to mankind, agriculturally, economically and ecologically. This study evaluated the differences in chemical composition of the grasses, Brachiariaruziziensis, CenchruspurpureusandMegathyrsusmaximus. the grasses were cutback and harvested at 6 weeks from 15cm above ground level. The experiment was subjected to one-way ANOVA with three replicates. The statistical analysis was analyzed using the standard methods outlined by AOAC (1995). The significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range of SAS (1999) package. The chemical composition of these grasses were significant differences in Crude Protein (CP), ash, Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) while, the estimated forage quality indices of these grasses were significant differences in Organic Matter (OM) and Metabolizable energy (ME). The higher CP in B. ruziziensis and C. purpureus and the lower value of CP in M. maximus is due to the genetic and environmental factors while, the higher ash content in both C. purpureusand M. maximus lower ash content in B. ruziziensis. B. ruziziensisand C. purpureushad higher CP content compared to M. maximus. Brachiariaruziziensis and C. purpureusare recommended as suitable options for ruminant diets while M. maximuscanbe used in combination with other forages.