College of Agricultural Management & Rural Development

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EFFECTSOF ACCESS TO LOAN ON THE FOOD INSECURITYSTATUS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA
(2023-01-25) ADEDIGBA ISREAL
ABSTRACT Historically, Nigeria has been plagued with declining food security, arising from inadequate agricultural financing. This menace had reduced the prospects of economic growth and increased the level of starvation in the country. Thus, this study evaluated the role of loan access on rural household food insecurity status in Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 14,671 rural households for the study. Secondary data on rural households’ socio-economic characteristics, sources of credit accessed, factors influencing credit use and food insecurity status of the rural households from the 2018/2019 Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) dataset was used for this study. Data collected were analysed using descriptive (frequency counts, percentages, means) statistics, the Foster, Greer and Thorbeck (FGT), Double Hurdle Model and Probit regression models. Results shows that 83.7% of the respondents were male, 57.1% were married and 62.2% had formal education with a mean age and household size of 48years and 6 persons respectively. Most (71.9%) of the respondents owned agricultural land but 53.5% have no right to sell land and 87.9% do not own agribusinesses. Also, 74.1% of the household heads applied for credit, and 25.9% obtained credit while 14.6% sourced their credit from friends/relatives with an average amount of ₦67,832.63 accessed. The Double Hurdle model results show that respondents’ age (t= -2.120; p<0.05), level of education (t= 5.941; p<0.01) and land ownership (t= 2.664; p<0.01) significantly influence amount of credit obtained while land ownership (t= 3.314), years of schooling (t= 5.334) and monthly income (t= 4.942) significantly (p<0.01) influence their accessibility to credit. The food security (FGT) results revealed that 44.4% of the households were food insecure. The Probit regression results reveal that age (β= 0.002; p<0.05), marital status (β= -0.061; p<0.05), sex (β= -0.276; p<0.01), years of schooling (β= -0.015; p<0.01), land ownership (β= -0.569; p<0.01) and ownership of non-agribusiness (β= -0.085; p<0.05) significantly influences the household food insecurity status. However, access to loan had no significant effect on the food insecurity status of the rural households (β= -0.045; p>0.05). This study concluded that loan access had not contributed significantly to the food insecurity status of the rural households in Nigeria. However, household becomes less vulnerable to food insecurity with increasing educational attainment, land ownership and involvement in non-agribusiness activities. Therefore, due to the importance of education in reducing food insecurity, educational development should be approached systemically while all stakeholders should prioritize the provision of credit to improve the living conditions of farming households in the rural communities.
EFFECTS OF LOCUST BEANS PROCESSING ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF PROCESSORS IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
(2023-10-20) ADEOYE, GRACE OLUWASEYI
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN EDO AND ONDO STATES, NIGERIA
(2023-11-20) IGBOSOROEZE CHINYERE ANGELA
ABSTRACT The need to bridge the widening demand and supply gap of palm oil calls for increase in oil palm production and processing. However, increase in oil palm production and processing has consequential impact on the environment like climate change, deforestation, eco-water toxicity amongst others. This study assessed the economic and environmental impacts of oil palm production and processing in Edo and Ondo States. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 550 respondents for the study. Data were acquired using structured questionnaire. Gross margin analysis was utilized to determine the profitability of oil palm production and processing. Stochastic production frontier was used to determine the production efficiency of the farmers and processors. Life cycle analysis (LCA) was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts of oil palm production and processing. Dichotomous-Choice Contingent Valuation Method (DC-CVM) was used to determine the economic value of the externalities caused by oil palm production and processing. Multinomial logit regression was used to find the marginal effect of factors influencing the choice of coping strategies and benefit cost analysis (BCA) was utilized to decide the most feasible and cost-effective adaptation strategy. Findings showed that the mean age of the respondents was 57 years in Ondo State and 52 years in Edo State. Majority of the farmers in Edo and Ondo States obtained their seedlings from the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR). Majority (74.58% and 71.79%) of the farmers, processors (83.33% and 89.47%) and farmers/processors (97.3% and 97.56%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have no access to extension services. Majority (96.61% and 100%) of the farmers, processors (96.97% and 92.11%), farmers/processors (95.95% and 97.56%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have no access to credit. Majority (57.63% and 51.28%) of the farmers, farmers/processors (98.65% and 89.43%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have less than 1500 palm trees. The gross profit margin of the farmers, processors, farmers/processors were 0.27 and 0.37; 0.43 and 0.39; 0.47 and 0.43 in Ondo and Edo States respectively. Result showed that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in Edo and Ondo States was 0.85, processors 0.83 and farmers/processors 0.89. LCA result shows that the significant impact categories were eco-water toxicity (1.31E+05 CTUe), climate change (44021.79 kgCo2 eq), fossil fuel (15051.12 MJ) and respiratory inorganics (25050.01 kg). The estimated annual cost of externalities caused by oil palm production and processing in Edo State was ₦28,960,084,800 and ₦32,231,355,840 in Ondo State. Result of the BCA showed that the conversion of empty fruit bunch to bio-fertilizer was the most feasible and cost-effective adaptation strategy, with a Net Present Value of ₦556,577.85, benefit cost ratio of 1.10 and internal rate of return of 46.3%. In conclusion, oil palm production and processing has been shown to be a profitable venture but contributes to climate change, eco-water toxicity amongst other environmental impacts. Farmers and processors should join cooperative societies for easy access to credit, extension services, increased production and training on sustainable agricultural practices to better preserve the environment.
ASSESSMENT OF POULTRY FARMERS READINESS TO ADOPT CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN OGUN STATE.
(2024-01-20) OLUYEMI, AYODELE MOSES
ABSTRACT Changing climate patterns makes the adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices becomes imperative for poultry farmers to enhance resilience, mitigate environmental degradation, and sustain productivity. This study assessed poultry farmers’ readiness to adopt climate smart agricultural practices in Ogun State. Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 243 small and medium scale poultry farmers from six Poultry Association of Nigeria Ogun State Chapter (PANOG) group zones. Primary data were obtained on climate change related risks experienced, awareness of CSA practices, knowledge of CSA practices, readiness to adopt climate-smart agriculture practices, factors influencing readiness to adopt CSA practices and sources of information on climate smart agriculture practices from small and medium poultry farmers with questionnaire. Secondary data were also obtained on annual rainfall, temperature and relative humidity in the study area in the last ten years from Nigeria Meteorological Agency. Data were analyzed using percentages, frequency counts, mean and standard deviation, Chi-Square statistic and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Result reveals that the mean age, poultry experience of the respondents were 43±11.36years, 9±6.76years respectively, 55.6% of the respondents had Higher National Diploma/ Bachelor of Science in Education. Findings show that the highest mean temperature, rainfall and relative humidity were 300C, 2200mm and 80.0% recorded at year 2024 respectively. Climate related risks experienced by the respondents were increase in heat stress in the poultry birds due to rise in temp (x ̅=2.29) and changing in egg production or hatch rate (x ̅=2.08). Some of CSA practices aware by the respondents were integration of agroforestry practices (86.8%), and adoption of precision feeding (84.4%). Results shows that majority (66.7%) of the respondents were highly knowledgeable on CSA practices. Also, findings reveal that majority (69.4%) of the respondents were ready to adopt CSA practices. Furthermore, result shows that factors influencing the respondent’s readiness to adopt CSA practices were financial resources (x ̅=1.77) and availability of modern infrastructure and tools for implementation (=1.67). Sources of information on CSA practices were Poultry Farmers Association (81.9%) and social media (68.7%). PPMC revealed significant relationships (p≤0.05) between age (r= 0.22); years of poultry experience (r=0.12); awareness (r =0.29 and readiness to adopt climate smart agricultural practices. Chi-square statistic revealed significant association (p≤0.05) between closure of poultry production due to extreme weather event (χ2=0.91); challenges in accessing veterinary services during extreme weather (χ2=0.45) and readiness to adopt CSA practices. The study concludes that poultry farmers in Ogun State demonstrate substantial awareness and readiness to adopt CSA practices. Therefore, the study recommends that State Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with Ogun State Agricultural Development Program (OGADEP) and Poultry Association of Nigeria Ogun State Chapter (PANOG) should conduct regular training for poultry farmers on climate smart agricultural practices to equip them with practical skills to manage climate related risks affecting poultry production.
EFFECTS OF LAND EXPROPRIATION ON THE LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES OF RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-01-20) OYESANWEN AUGUSTINE ADEKUNLE
ABSTRACT Access to land is crucial for the socio-economic development of the majority of Africans who depends on land and land-based resources for their livelihoods. However, taking over of privately owned lands of faming households by the Government will reduce their means of livelihoods. This studytherefore assessed the effects of land expropriation on the livelihood outcomes of rural farming households in Ogun State.A multistage sampling procedure was used to sample 840 respondents from 31 expropriated and 25 non-expropriated communities. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on the socio-economic characteristics of households, status of expropriated land, effects of land expropriated on households, livelihood outcomes of farm households,factors affecting livelihood outcomes, and coping strategies for this study. Descriptive statistics, Ordered Logit regression (OLR), Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), Tobit regression (TBR), and Multivariate Probit regression (MVPR) were used to analyse the data. Results revealed that 43.3% of the respondents were above 50years with the mean age of 48 and 49 years old in expropriated and non-expropriated areas respectively, 82.4% were married, 90.6% were male, 72.2% had an household size of 1-5 persons, 79.4% had less than 5acres of land and 88.1% had one form of formal education out of which 42.5% attended secondary school.Most (58.5%) of respondents have not received their compensation for their expropriated land.Also, 49.5% and 59.0% of the respondents in expropriated and non-expropriated areaswere moderately food secure. MPI results showed that majority (82.0% and 83.0%) of the respondents in expropriated and non-expropriated areasrespectively are non-poor. OLR results revealed that age (β= 0.1112), household size (β= 0.1441), access to good roads (β= 0.8916) and participation in off-farm activities (β= 1.1290)significantly (p<0.05) influence food security, while the gender (β= -0.9250), and land expropriation (β=-0.5334) had significant (p<0.05) negative impacts on food security. TBR model revealed that age (β=0.0058), marital status (β=0.0365),and total land size (β=0.0143) significantly (p<0.05) influencethe households’ livelihood outcomes, while age square (β=-6.9E-05), years of schooling (β=-0.0150), tropical livestock unit (β=-0.0035), off-farm participation (β=-0.0213) and farm income (β=-8.09E-08) significantly (p<0.05) decreasedthe depth of multidimensional poverty of the households. MVPR showed that age (β=0.0729), years of schooling (β=0.0360), total parcel of land (β=0.0554), tropical livestock units (β=0.0299) and membership of cooperative (β=0.5917) positively influenced the likelihood ofplanting only arable crops as coping strategy. However, household size (β=-0.1568), access road (β=-0.0068), and off-farm participation (β=-0.7521) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the probability of households’ planting of arable crops. Conclusively, households whose land were expropriated were more food secure with better livelihood outcomes in the study areas. Therefore, government land expropriation policy shouldgive economic and timely compensation to reduce effects on livelihood outcomes of rural farming households and food security in the study area.
WILLINGNESS-TO-ACCEPT COMPENSATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN CONSERVATION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs) AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN FOREST RESERVE AREAS OF SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
(2024-06-28) OGUNSINA, IFEOLUWA JOSEPH
EFFECTS OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION ON FOOD SECURITY OF SMALLHOLDER RICE FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-07-15) OYENEKAN TIMOTHY OLANREWAJU
ABSTRACT Income diversification by farmers can positively impact their food availability, accessibility and stability. Hence, this study examined the effects of income diversification on food security of smallholder rice farming households in Ogun State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 160 rice-farming households in Ogun State. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on socioeconomic characteristics, food expenditure and income diversification of the rice farming households. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Simpson index, Food Expenditure Approach, Tobit Regression and Ordered logit Regression. The results showed that 63.1% of the household heads were male, 55.6% were married, 88.7% had some form of formal education with mean age and monthly income of 48 years and ₦57,858.33k respectively. Most (69.4%) of the respondents had access to credit. However, 98.1% derived income from the sale of farm produce, 86.3% from petty trading, 76.9% from cash and tree crops and 75.0% from artisanal fishing activities. The average income diversification index was 0.59. The result of tobit regression showed that sex of household head (β = 0.0178), marital status (β = 0.1289), farming experience (β = 0.0042) and access to credit (β = 0.1778) significantly (p<0.01) influence income diversification. Most (68.2%) of the farming households had very low food security status. The result of the ordered logit regression showed that sex of household head (β = 1.8662), farming experience (β = -0.1721), access to credit (β = -4.8067) and income diversification index (β = 19.1417) had significant (p<0.01) effect on food security status of rice farming households in the study area. The study concluded that income diversification significantly affects the food security status of rice farming households in the study area. Therefore, rice farming households should be trained on how to effectively diversify their income in the study area so as to enhance food security.
INDIGENOUS APPROACH TO FAMILY CONFLICT RESOLUTION AMONG SOME SELECTED FAMILIES IN IBADAN, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-07-20) ODUYEMI OLUWADAMILOLA ADEDOYIN
ABSTRACT Indigenous conflict resolution approaches served as the premium foundation for administrative authority by the elders in pre-colonial Yoruba land and are based on the understanding that disagreements cannot be avoided, nor should they be ignored. Therefore, if well managed, there will be harmonious living among the people.This study examined the indigenous approaches in conflict resolution among selected families in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 215 respondents (consisting of 191 conflicting parties and 24 mediators) from five (5) local government areas in Ibadan metropolis. An interview guide, in-depth interview of key informants and focus group discussions were used to obtain information from respondents on the causes and types of family conflict, indigenous conflict resolution approaches, patronage and satisfaction of families to conflict resolution approaches, roles of mediators,and the comparison between contemporary legal court systems and indigenous approaches. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean, and Chi-square statistics. Findings reveal that the most common indigenous conflict resolution approaches used by the respondents were mediation (61.4%), dialogue (60.9%), cross-examination (59.1%) and proverbial sayings (52.1%). The prominent conflict types identified by the respondents are marital conflict (68.8%), conflicts over land (65.6%), conflict over family inheritance (56.7%), and rivalry among co-wives (54.9%). Major causes of conflicts within the families in the study area were unmet needs (65.1%), poor communication (57.2%), ignorance (56.3%), intolerance (55.8%) and selfishness (52.1%). Majority (98.5%) of the respondents affirmed that they patronize family conflict resolution assembly out of which (54.4%) often visit the assembly. Institutional arrangements, elders, extended family members, and paternal and maternal relatives are responsible in mediating family conflicts and restore harmony among conflicting parties. Majority (92.0%) of the respondents were highly satisfied with the different family conflict resolution approaches used in the study area. Chi-Square results reveal a significant (p<0.05) association between satisfaction level (χ2= 75.11), patronage (χ2=186.52) and conflict resolution approaches used by the families. The study concluded that indigenous family conflict resolution approaches are still relevant and enjoy patronage amongst various families in Ibadan metropolis. Therefore, family members should endeavor to resolve conflicts amicably, especially in a way that will benefit all parties within the families, communities, and society at large.
EFFECTS OF RURAL CASSAVA-BASED FARMERS’ MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE ON LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN OGUN AND ONDO STATES, SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA
(2024-08-23) AKINADE, AKINJIDE ISAAC
ABSTRACT Studies on micronutrient intake in relation to labour productivity are very important in Nigeria as efforts are geared towards sustainability of food and nutritional security for her teaming population. This study assessed the effects of micronutrient intake on labour productivity among rural cassava-based farmers in Ogun and Ondo States, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 320 cassava-based farmers for the study. A structured questionnaire was utilized to elicit information from the respondents on their socio-economic characteristics, dietary intake, man-hour and cassava output. The micronutrients examined were categorized into four, namely; nutrients of public health importance (Vit. A, Iron, Zinc and Folate), nutrients needed for bone formation (Magnesium, Phosphorus, Vit.D, Calcium and Vit. C), nutrients needed for nervous system (Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 and B7, and anti-oxidants (Vit.E(equivalent), Vit.E and Copper). Data were analyzed with frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, Ordered Logit Regression, Multivariate Probit Regression (MVPR), Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Multiple Regression model and Food Consumption Score (FCS). Nutrisurvey excel software was used to analyse the micronutrient intake. Results reveal that 85.3% of the respondents were male, 36.3% had secondary education, 35.2% had access to credit, 48.7% had extension visits, 23.4% were nutritionally aware and 83.2% had increase in dietary intake during raining season with a mean age, household size, monthly income and monthly expenditure on non-food of 48 years, 6 persons, ₦83,968.05 and ₦10,267.73 respectively. Furthermore, 23.0% of the respondents had adequate micronutrient intake and all (100.0%) fell short of the micronutrients’ daily recommended allowance. Most (73.0%) were on the borderline, while 13.0% and 14.0% fell within the poor and acceptable regions of food consumption score. The profiling of productivity on micronutrient intake reveal that the average productivity is higher among cassava-based farmers that are adequate in nutrients needed for bone formation (505.89Kg/man-day) followed by anti-oxidants(466.28Kg/man-day), nutrients of public health importance (405.32Kg/man-day and nervous system (407.61Kg/man-day). The determinants of cassava-based farmers’ dietary intake are non-food expenditure (β=-6.66E-06, p<0.01), household size (β=-0.088, p<0.01), and season (β= 0.123, p<0.01). The results of MVPR show that household size (β = -0.024, p<0.01), educational level (β=-0.085, p<0.01), monthly income (β =0.063,p<0.05),credit access (β=0.032, p<0.05), extension visits (β=0.326, p<0.05), contact with health extension agents (β=0.058, p<0.05) and nutritional awareness (β=0.320, p<0.05) significantly influenced micronutrients of public health importance. However, sex (β=0.305, p<0.01) and diversification to non-farm business (β=0.863, p<0.05) significantly influenced anti-oxidants intake. OLS multiple regression analysis reveal that micronutrient intake has a significant influence on labour productivity. The higher the number of micronutrients adequacy intake in nutrients of public health importance, nutrients needed for bone formation, nervous system and anti-oxidants, the higher the productivity of the farmers by 146.8Kg/man-day, 236.8,Kg/man and 458.7Kg/man-day and 421.9Kg/man-day respectively. Also, age (β=6.848, p<0.01), level of education (β =68.877, p<0.01), monthly income (β=-0.007, p<0.05), access to credit (β=1199.436, p<0.01), extension visits (β=54.170, p<0.1) and nutritional awareness (β=931.626, p<0.05) significantly influence labour productivity. The study concluded that cassava-based farmers with adequate micronutrient intake had higher productivity levels. Hence, policies that will enhance the consumption of micronutrient-rich diets needed for bone formation, nervous system and anti-oxidants should be enacted to improve labour productivity among cassava-based farmers.
EFFECTS OF GINGER POWDER ON THE In Vitro GAS PRODUCTION OF BRACHIARIA SPECIES
(2024-09-22) AJIBIKE, BALIQIS ADEOLA
ABSTRACT The study evaluated effects of ginger powder at graded levels on the in vitro and methane gas production of Brachiariadecumbens and Brachiariaruziziensis. The experiment was laid out as a 2 x 3 factorial design with two Brachiariaspp (B. ruziziensis and B. decumbens) harvested from 15cm above ground level and three levels of inclusions of ginger powder (0, 10 and 15 mg/g) and replicated three times. Data collection was subjected to two-ways analysis of variance and the treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range test using SAS (1999) package. Results showed that there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the gas volumes (6, 12, and 24 hours of in vitro incubation) when the Brachariagrasses were compared. Under the interaction, there were significant (p<0.05) differences in the final gas volumes due to the effect of the ginger powder inclusion levels. The gas volumes significantly (p<0.05) increased at 5.0mg/g of ginger powder inclusion when compared with the control; however, no further increase in gas volume was recorded at the highest inclusion level of ginger powder. The organic matter digestibility, short chain fatty acids, and metabolizable energy significantly (p<0.05) increased at 5.0mg/g of ginger powder inclusion while lower values were recorded at 10mg/g inclusion of the ginger. In conclusion, ginger powder can be included into ruminant diets at a level of 5.0 mg/g to enhance gas production and reduce CH4 emissions in grasses.
CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN ARABLE CROPS FARMING IN SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA: ENVIRONMENTAL COST IMPLICATIONS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
(2024-09-25) SOWUNMI, EMMANUEL OLATUBOSUN
ABSTRACT The environmental cost of climate variability poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity and economic stability, particularly in regions heavily reliant on arable crop farming. This research assessed the environmental cost implications and the effectiveness of adaptation strategies to climate variability in arable crops farming in the study area. Secondary data from geo-information pool and primarily sourced data were collected. These were used for examining the implications of temperature, rainfall variations and patterns, and undertaking relevant economic analyses. The multi-stage sampling procedure was used to draw a total sample of 392 arable crop farmers in both Oyo and Ogun States in South-West Nigeria. The study used descriptive statistics and Dichotomous-Choice Contingent Valuation Method (DC-CVM) that terminated into the logit regression model. The DC-CVM was used to determine the economic valuation of the environmental implications of climate variability. In addition, production function-based valuation technique was used to determine the respective influences and implications of climate drivers and other socioeconomic factors on farming profitability. The geo-information data analyzed recorded a higher climate variability index in Ogun (0.79) than Oyo State (0.29), indicating that climate is more stable in Oyo than Ogun State. The DC-CVM projected an annual economic burden of ₦1,751,809,382.78 per farming season, indicating the amount the farmers are willing to pay (WTP) to mitigate the effects of climate variability. The coefficient of bid (p< 0.01) and occupation (p< 0.05) were negative and had the likelihood of significantly influencing farmers' WTP, while household size had the likelihood of positively and significantly (p< 0.01) influencing WTP. The Return On Investment (ROI) of arable crop farmers was N40.04. The multiple regression analysis showed that the farmers' age significantly (p< 0.05) influenced the ROI negatively, while marital status (p< 0.05), access to extension service (p< 0.10) and the adoption of intercropping (p<0.01) and agroforestry (p< 0.01) influenced the ROI positively. In addition, the negative relationship observed between climate variability index and the ROI indicated that climate variability reduces the profitability of farmers. This statistically insignificance can be explained by the temporal nature of climate variability as compared to what operates in the long term climate change. Among the available climate adaptation methods adopted by the farmers, agroforestry seemed most plausibly effective, though adoption by sampled farmers looked less feasible due to the seemingly high average cost of adoption totaling ₦76,414.29/planting season. Other strategies being utilized by the farmers at various levels are enhanced irrigation, improved seed varieties and intercropping. However, ongoing obstacles concerning practicality, cost, and information sharing highlight the necessity of focused policy measures to support farmers' ability to adopt and expand climate-smart farming techniques. It is therefore imperative for policy makers and relevant stakeholders, to make sufficient funds available in support of effective climate adaptation plans.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ VULNERABILITY TO MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN NIGERIA
(2024-09-25) ADEKOYA, MODINAT IYADUNNI
EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGENTS’ KNOWLEDGE ON DIGITAL METHOD OF SOIL NUTRIENT ASSESSMENT IN SELECTED SOUTHWEST STATES, NIGERIA
(2024-10-20) DADA, OLUSEGUN EMMANUEL
ABSTRACT Digital method of soil nutrient assessment offers a transformative approach to optimizing soil fertility management. However, the successful adoption of this technology by farmers is hinged on the capacity of extension agents to effectively transfer relevant knowledge to farmers. This study evaluated knowledge of agricultural extension agents on digital method of soil nutrient assessment in Oyo and Ogun States, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 130 respondents for the study. A structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to elicit primary data on socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, awareness of digital method of soil evaluation, pre-test and post-test knowledge of the technology, perception on digital method of soil nutrient assessment, willingness to transfer knowledge acquired on the technology and perceived challenges to the transfer of knowledge acquired on the technology to end-users. An experiment (soil test) was also conducted to compare results of soil analyses using laboratory and digital method (soil app).Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and student-ttest. Results reveal that 66.9% of the respondents were male and 73.1% hadBSc/HND as the highest educational qualificationwith average age, work experience and annual income of 45.9 years, 14 years and ₦1,525,074.86k respectively. Findings further reveal that 41.5% of the respondents were aware of digital method of soil nutrient evaluation, 3.8% had undergone previous training on the technology while none had used the technology. Results of the pre-training assessment show that 33.7% of the respondents had high knowledge of the technology compared to 99.2% with high knowledge for post-test training assessment of the technology. Overall, 76.9% of the respondents had positive perception on the ease of using the technology while 84.6% had a positive perception towards the usefulness of the technology for their field work. Most (76.2%) of the respondentswere willing to transfer the knowledge they had acquired during the training to end users. FGD reveals that financial implications associated with the use of digital method of soil nutrient assessment is envisaged as the major challenge towards dissemination of the technology. Student-ttest reveals a significant (p<0.05) difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge of the technology(t=36.198). Standardized soil rating scale show similarities (K=0.3-0.5 cmol/kg, N=0.3-0.3, OC= 0.5-1.5%, pH= 6.8-7.2 and P=24.1-26.0mg/kg) in the results of digital and laboratory methods of soil nutrient assessment (Phosphorus ranges bet. Further, PPMC shows that perception of extension agents had significant (p<0.05) relationship on their post-test knowledge of the technology (r=0.168). The study concluded that the training on digital method of soil nutrient assessment improved extension agents’ knowledge on the technology. Therefore, the study recommended that extension agents should disseminate the knowledge acquired to farmers for improved soil management while they regularly undergo trainings to improve their knowledge of digital agriculture.
PERCEPTION OF FARMERS TOWARDS TRAINING RECEIVED ON CASSAVA VALUE ADDITION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-10-20) OYEFESO, TOLUWALOPE TOYOSI
ABSTRACT The low returns of cassava farmers engaging in value addition amidst the opportunities available for income generation and export purposes have led to the need for training on value addition to enhance production and maximize productivity. Therefore, this study assessed the perception of farmers towards training received on cassava value addition in Ogun State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select 144 respondents for this study. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain from respondents data on personal and production characteristics of cassava farmers, level of knowledge and skill on the value-added products, farmers’ perception towards value-addition training received and constraints militating against uptake of value addition. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviation and frequency counts) and hierarchical regression model were used to analyse the data. Results showed that 38.9% of the farmers were between 41-50 years of age, 64.6% were female, 79.2% were married, 46.6% had secondary school education, 56.3% had 6 to 15 years farming experience and 94.4% had 1 to 5 specialised trainings on cassava value addition in the past one year. Majority (80.0%) of the farmers owned their lands, 55.3% had farm sizes ranging between 1 and 2 hectares, 77.1% employed hired labour, 73.6% harvested 10 to 20 tonnes of cassava per hectare and 59.0% produced all the cassava used in value addition. Most of the respondents had high knowledge of garri (97.2%) and cassava flour (75.0%) production. Most (76.1%) of the respondents had adequate skill to process garri and reported that increased productivity ( =2.40) is a major factor in cassava value addition. Furthermore, 89.6% each of the respondents indicated that the high cost of production and a lack of farmers’ access to credit for operating and expanding their enterprise were the major constraints of cassava value addition. However, 40.0% of the respondents earned less than ₦50,000 before engaging in cassava value addition compared with 50.7% who earned more than ₦200,000 after engaging in it. Most of the cassava farmers desired training in cassava sweeteners (84.0%), cassava pasta (76.4%), cassava cake/bread and chips (75.7%) and tapioca (74.3%). Hierarchical regression model revealed that age (β = 0.39) and actual years of farming experience (β= 0.46) were significantly (p<0.01) related to productivity. Furthermore, age (β= 0.39, p<0.01), education (β= 0.18, p<0.05) and farming experience (β= 0.44, p<0.01) were significant factorsof relevance of training received. This study concluded that there is a need to encourage cassava farmers to acquire relevant training and skills in additional value-added products beyond garri which will enhance their productivity. Therefore, farmers’ capacity should be enhanced through periodic training to enhance their knowledge in cassava value addition.
EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGENTS’ KNOWLEDGE ON DIGITAL METHOD OF SOIL NUTRIENT ASSESSMENT IN SELECTED SOUTHWEST STATES, NIGERIA
(2024-10-25) DADA, OLUSEGUN EMMANUEL
ABSTRACT Digital method of soil nutrient assessment offers a transformative approach to optimizing soil fertility management. However, the successful adoption of this technology by farmers is hinged on the capacity of extension agents to effectively transfer relevant knowledge to farmers. This study evaluated knowledge of agricultural extension agents on digital method of soil nutrient assessment in Oyo and Ogun States, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 130 respondents for the study. A structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to elicit primary data on socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, awareness of digital method of soil evaluation, pre-test and post-test knowledge of the technology, perception on digital method of soil nutrient assessment, willingness to transfer knowledge acquired on the technology and perceived challenges to the transfer of knowledge acquired on the technology to end-users. An experiment (soil test) was also conducted to compare results of soil analyses using laboratory and digital method (soil app).Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and student-test. Results reveal that 66.9% of the respondents were male and 73.1% had BSc/HND as the highest educational qualification with average age, work experience and annual income of 45.9 years, 14 years and ₦1,525,074.86k respectively. Findings further reveal that 41.5% of the respondents were aware of digital method of soil nutrient evaluation, 3.8% had undergone previous training on the technology while none had used the technology. Results of the pre-training assessment show that 33.7% of the respondents had high knowledge of the technology compared to 99.2% with high knowledge for post-test training assessment of the technology. Overall, 76.9% of the respondents had positive perception on the ease of using the technology while 84.6% had a positive perception towards the usefulness of the technology for their field work. Most (76.2%) of the respondents were willing to transfer the knowledge they had acquired during the training to end users. FGD reveals that financial implications associated with the use of digital method of soil nutrient assessment is envisaged as the major challenge towards dissemination of the technology. Student-ttest reveals a significant (p<0.05) difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge of the technology(t=36.198). Standardized soil rating scale show similarities (K=0.3-0.5 cmol/kg, N=0.3-0.3, OC= 0.5-1.5%, pH= 6.8-7.2 and P=24.1-26.0mg/kg) in the results of digital and laboratory methods of soil nutrient assessment (Phosphorus ranges bet. Further, PPMC shows that perception of extension agents had significant (p<0.05) relationship on their post-test knowledge of the technology (r=0.168). The study concluded that the training on digital method of soil nutrient assessment improved extension agents’ knowledge on the technology. Therefore, the study recommended that extension agents should disseminate the knowledge acquired to farmers for improved soil management while they regularly undergo trainings to improve their knowledge of digital agriculture.
ASSESSMENT OF PARENTS WILLINGNESS TO SUPPORT ADOLESCENT SEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (ASRH) SERVICES IN IDO AND IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-11-20) FATOKI, Ayomide Moyinoluwa
ABSTRACT The strength of a nation depends on parental involvement during the period of adolescence. Parental responsibilities in raising adolescents, including setting rules regarding appropriate behaviors, are crucial for healthy development and well-being. One of the main sources of reproductive health related-information in Nigeria is parent-child communication which involves both verbal and non-verbal interactions between parents and children within the family system. This study assessed parents’ willingness to support adolescent sexual reproductive health (ASRH) services in Ido and Ibadan North Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 270 respondents. In-depth interview, focus group discussions, and questionnaire was used to obtain primary data on socio-economic characteristics, knowledge on ASRH, types of ASRH services available, perceptions and willingness of parents to support ASRH services, Data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, Logistic Regression Model and Spearman Rho correlation. Result revealed that 55.2% of the respondents were female, 79.3% were married, with a mean age of 42 years, and household size of 3 persons. Results also revealed that 99.6% of respondents had a high knowledge of ASRH services, 61.1% had favourable perception of ASRH services, and 96.3% are willing to support ASRH services. Logistic Regression Model revealed a significant (p≤0.05) relationship between age (β = 0.101); marital status of parents (β = 1.021) and their willingness to support ASRH services. Spearman Rho revealed a significant (p≤0.05) relationship between knowledge of parents on ASRH services (r = 0.329) and their willingness to support ASRH services. Furthermore, the findings revealed that there was a significant (p≤0.05) relationship between the perception of parents on ASRH services (r = 0.333) and their willingness to support ASRH services. The study concluded that the positive knowledge base among parents and the broad awareness and acceptance of essential components of ASRH services facilitated parents’ willingness to support the services. The study recommended that partnerships with media outlets should be strengthened to ensure accurate and positive portrayals of ASRH services. Also, community engagement and targeted educational programmes that address misconceptions about ASRH services, and concerns such as moral values and potential negative consequences raised by the community should be organized to promote awareness and willingness.
POULTRY FARMERS DISPOSITION TO BIOSEURITY MEASURES AGAINST AVIANEPIDEMAL THREAT IN COMMERCIAL POULTRY PRODUCTION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-11-20) KOLEOSO, EMMANUEL OLUWATOBI
ABSTRACT Regular application of effective biosecurity measures is very essential in preventing and controlling the spread of disease and infections in commercial poultry production. Hence, the need to understand that specific epidemal threats determine the biosecurity measures to be adopted by farmers.This study examined the poultry farmers’ disposition to biosecurity measures against avian epidemal threat in commercial poultry production in Ogun State, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 286 respondents for the study. Data were collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents; economic impact of avian epidemal threat experienced; biosecurity measures used in managing the incidence of avian diseases and poultry farmers’ disposition to biosecurity measures in the study area using a structured questionnaire. Chi square and descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, mean, and standard deviation) were used to analyse the data. The mean age and years of experience with poultry were 46.0 and 18.0 years, respectively, and the results indicate that 51.1% of the respondents had completed tertiary education. 54.4% of respondents utilised a manual watering system, whereas the majority (85.2%) employed an intensive management system. The respondents cited radio/television (83.3%), family and friends (84.4%), and agricultural extension field demonstration (98.9%) as their primary sources of information on managing chicken production.The common viral epidemal threats to profitable and sustainable poultry production were hemorrhagic enteritis (x̄ = 2.74) and swollen head syndrome (x̄ = 2.12) and bacteria diseases were tuberculosis (x̄ = 2.45) and paratyphoid infections (x̄ = 2.42) while guinea worm (x̄ = 2.47) and Giardiasis (x̄ = 2.42) were parasitic diseases. The economic effect of epidemal threats on commercial poultry production were stunted growth (x ̅=3.77), high mortality rate of the birds (x ̅=3.74) and loss of income (x ̅=3.72). Most (79.3%) of the respondents reported moderate impact of epidemal threats in poultry production. The biosecurity measures mostly used by the respondents to manage incidences of poultry diseases were bird culling (x ̅=3.61), self-administration of medication (x ̅=3.52) and limitation of non-essential traffic on the farm (x ̅=3.42).Also, 71.1% of the respondents had low utilization of biosecurity measures against avian epidemal threats. The disposition of poultry farmers to biosecurity measures was reduction in the likelihood of virus introduction into the flock (x̄ = 4.11) and less expenses for veterinary services (x̄ = 3.64). Furthermore, 55.2% of the respondents had moderate disposition to biosecurity measures. The chi square results reveal significant (p<0.05) association between educational level (χ2= 9.399), style of rearing (χ2= 11.298) and disposition of poultry farmers to biosecurity measures. The study concluded that the farmers are favourably disposed to the use of biosecurity measures to mitigate the effects of avian epidemial threats in the study area. Therefore, poultry farmers should be regularly trained on the use of biosecurity measures for sustainable and profitable poultry production.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG RURAL COMMUNITIES IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-11-20) OLONIBUA, TOYIN GRACE
ABSTRACT Climate-smart agricultural practices have been identified as a means to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture in order to enhance agricultural productivity, improve resilience and food security. This study examined the effects of using climate-smart agricultural practices on food security among rural communities in Ogun State. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 222 respondents for the study. Interview guide was used to elicit data on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, knowledge of farmers on climate-smart agricultural practices, extent of using climate-smart agricultural practices, factors influencing adaptation decision of climate-smart agricultural practices and the food security status of the farmers. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviation, Chi square, Pearsons Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Linear regression. Results reveal that 51.4% of the respondents were male, 73.9% were married and 92.7% had basic literacy and numeracy skills with an average age, farming experience, farm size and annual farm income of 43.05years, 17years, 1.2 hectares and ₦700,000 respectively. Most (69.4%) of the respondents had moderate knowledge and 73.9% had high utilization of climate-smart agricultural practices. The major factors that influenced adaptation decision were access to extension services (x ̅ =1.79) and weather information (x ̅ =1.62). Furthermore, results show that 90.1% of the respondents were food insecure. The correlation results show a significant (p<0.05) relationship between farm income (r=0.226), farm size (r=0.336) and food security status of the farmers. Linear regression reveals a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the respondents’ knowledge (β= 0.478), level of using climate smart agricultural practices (β= 0.203) factors influencing farmers’ adaptation decisions (β= 0.478) and the food security status. The study concluded that the utilization of climate-smart agricultural practices influences food security status of rural communities in Ogun State. Therefore, there is need to further encourage the use of climate-smart practices in order to improve food security status of the farmers.
CASSAVA PROCESSING ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IMPROVED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2025-01-20) EJIM-EZE, IFUNANYA MARTHA
ABSTRACT Processing of cassava roots into various products generates substantial cassava waste which has environmental implications, hence the need to encourage adoption of improved waste management systems among cassava processors. This study examined the cassava processing environmental externalities and willingness to pay (WTP) for improved waste management systems in Ogun State. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted to select two hundred (200) respondents for the study. The first stage was the purposive selection of two Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) zones (Abeokuta and Ikenne), due to their massive involvement in cassava production and processing, while the last stage involved a systematic random sampling of cassava processors in the study area. Using a well-structured questionnaire, primary data were obtained on cassava processors’ socioeconomic characteristics, cassava processing methods, types of cassava wastes, cassava processing environmental externalitiesperceived, willingness to pay for improved cassava waste management systems, and influence of socioeconomic characteristics on the adoption of improved cassava waste management systems. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, mean), Logit regression model (LRM), and multivariate probit (MVP). Findings reveal that 83.0% of the cassava processors were female; with mean age, annual income, processing experience, mean bid price (WTP price) and household size of 43 years, ₦603,000.00, 15 years, ₦1,320.00 and 6 persons respectively. Findings also reveal that 43.5% of the processors had primary education, 46.5% had access to extension services, 68.5% were married, and 78.0% were into thrift savings while 9.0% belonged to processing associations. The major types of cassava wastes generated by the respondents were cassava wastewater (99.5%), cassava peels (81.0%), foul odor (75.5%), and smoke (70.0%). Furthermore, cassava processing environmental externalities were perceived as highfor organic matter ( = 4.20) and engine oil spillage ( = 3.94) respectively while it is moderatefor flies infestation ( = 2.76) and very low for cyanide generation ( = 1.00). LRM reveals that bid price (ꞵ = -0.032) significantly (p<0.05) influenced the WTP for improved cassava waste management systems. MVP results showed that gender (ꞵ =1.363, p<0.01), extension visit (ꞵ = 0.005, p<0.01), quantity of cassava processed (ꞵ =1.008, p<0.05) and annual income (ꞵ = 0.220, p<0.01) had positive influence, while access to financial credit (ꞵ = -0.330, p<0.01) negatively influenced the adoption of improved waste management systems. This study concluded that the cassava processors are willing to pay for improved waste management systems by reducing the bid prices and increasing extension services. This study recommended that there should be more extension services in the study area, to promote the use of improved cassava waste management. Processors should also be encouraged to join processing associations to enable them stay well-informed, innovative and have access to financial credit.
HERDERS-FARMERS: CONFLICT AND HUMAN SECURITY IN IBARAPA COMMUNITIES, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
(2025-01-20) OLADELE, OLADOTUN SURAJUDEEN
ABSTRACT Nigeria has witnessed a share of herders and farmers conflicts over grazing land which have resulted in the loss of lives, unstable economy and worsened food crises. Hence, this study assessed effects of herders-farmers’ conflict on human security in Ibarapa communities in Oyo State Nigeria. Exploration research method was adopted to investigate the human security dimension of herders-farmers conflicts and management mechanisms deployed in handling the conflicts. Purposive sampling technique was used to select fifty respondents for the study. Primary data were collected on triggers of conflicts, conflict trends and patterns, the human security and management mechanisms adopted in addressing the conflicts using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using data triangulation, content analysis, and descriptive statistics. Results revealed that most (84.0%) of respondents were male, 64.0% were married, 52.0% had primary school education and 64.0% were between 18 and 35 years old. The major conflict triggers identified by the respondents were encroachment of farm lands and destruction of crops by cattle (46.0%), and ethnic and linguistic differences between the farmers and herders (30.0%). The major trends and pattern of conflict reported by the respondents are destruction of crops by herders (40.0%), constant fear (26.0%), competition for land (12.0%) and killings and reprisal attacks (10.0%). The in-depth interviews and focus group discussion report by the participants indicate that the nature of human security in the communities is very fragile and compromised, livelihood diversification from farming to okada riding, high level of insecurity, increased rural-urban migration among the youths, reduced agricultural production activities and high cost of agricultural produce. Confrontation mechanism (54.0%), mediation (26.0%) and negotiation (20.0%) were the common conflict resolution mechanisms used by the respondents in the study area. The participants of the focus group discussion reported that confrontation mechanism failed which brought about negotiation and mediation mechanisms that involved the state government officials, security agencies, community leaders, youths, herders and farmers; these mechanisms were more effective and yielded the relative peace currently enjoyed in the communities. This study concluded that peaceful negotiation and dialogue rather than confrontation is important to ameliorate incessant conflict among herders and farmers. The study recommends the need for the involvement of major stakeholders (including herders, farmers, community leaders, government officials, security agencies) in conflict resolution mechanisms to build trust and foster peaceful coexistence in the community.

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