College of Agricultural Management & Rural Development

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    ASSESSMENTOFAGRICULTURE-DRIVENDEFORESTATIONANDTHE EFFECTS ONCLIMATE VARIABILITY AMONG FARMERSIN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-09-11) MATTI, OLOLADE0.
    ABSTRACT ThisstudyexaminestheroleofAgriculture-drivendeforestationininfluencingclimate variability, perceptions and experiences among smallholder farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. With increasing land-usechangesattributed toagricultural expansion.thestudyaimstoassessthe nexusbetweenforestclearingandlocalizedclimatevariations.Primarydatawerecollected throughstructuredquestionnairesadrñinisteredto200respondentsselectedthroughmultistage sampling.Thedatawereobtainedontherespondentssocio-economiccharacteristics,adaptation strategies initiated against agriculture-driven deforestationand awareness ofclimate variability whilesatelliteimagerybetweenyear2013and2023wascollected toassessthepatternofland use and land cover changes (LULC) and to determine the effects of agriculture driven deforestationon climate variability with afocuson changes in temperatureand carbon dioxide. Datawereanalysedusingfrequencycounts.percentages,means,logisticsregressionmodeland Landsatsatelliteimages.Resultsshowthatmajority(60.5%)of the respondentsweremale,most (93%) of respondents had formal education, most (93%) of the respondents were using governmentland, 85% wereawareofthe influence ofclimate variability, 81.5%practicedpure cultivation, 86.0% were married with an average age, household size, farm size, farm experience, and monthly incomeof55.1 years,4persons,15.1 ha,13yearsandf'tl58,l50.00respectively. The major adaptation strategies initiated against agriculture-driven deforestation were agroforestry (x —4.00), awareness/education (I = 4.00), and paying farmers to conserve ecosystem(x=3.95).LULCstatisticsshowsthatwaterbodyincreasedfrom82Km2to 90.03Kiu2,vegetationcover decreased from 1l,618Km2 to 9,720.24Km2, developed area increasedfrom507.42km2to1,443.7km2whileagriculturalland increased from4,476Km°to 4,922.02Kni2between2013and2023respectively.Thetemperaturerangebetween2013and 2023wasslightlylower,temperaturedecreasedwithincreaseinvegetationcoverovertheyears atabout61%relationships,therewasasimilarnegativerelationship between vegetationcover and carbon dioxide concentration at 84%. Logistic regressionmodel shows that income (§= 1.000 p<0.10), practice preferred (§= 1.653, p<0.10) and land ownership (b=0.558, p<0.05) negativelyinfluencedawareness ofclimate variability while non-farmincome (§=l.000, p<0.01) positively influenced awareness of climate variability. The study concludes that unchecked agriculture-induced deforestationexacerbatesclimate variabilityin Ogun State leading to temperature variations, lossofstored carbon ascarbon dioxide intotheatmosphere and increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting in global warming, the assessment revealed that without secured land, farmers focused on short-term gains, rather than long-term sustainability, they overexploitednatural resourcesleading toescalated deforestation,soil degradation and lossof biodiversity. This study recommended an urgent need for forest eco-system management, government adaptation policydecisionscontributing totheunderstanding ofLULCandclimate smartagriculturalpractices,reforestationinitiativesaswellaspolicyincentivestopromote sustainablelanduse.
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    EFFECTS OF CREDIT UTILIZATIONAND RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OFCASSAVA — BASED FARMERS IN SOUTHWEST,NIGERIA
    (2025-06-12) SODIPE, OLUWATOYIN MORENIKE
    ABSTRACT Credit use and effective risk management are important in improving the efficiency and livelihood offarmers. Thus, this study examined the effects ofcredit utilization and risk managementpracticesontheproductionefficiencyofcassava-basedfarmersinSouthwest, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 378 respondents for the study. The firststageinvolvedthepurposivesamplingofOgunandOyoStates,whileinthelaststage, convenient sampling technique was used toselect 378 cassava-basedfarmers for thestudy. Kobo Toolbox powered questionnaire was used to obtain primary data on farmers' personal characteristics,inputsandoutputsquantities,pricesandriskmanagementpractices.Datawere analysedwithdescriptivestatistics,Translogstochasticoutputandinputdistancefunctions. Resultsshowthat67.0%oftherespondentsweremalewithanaverageage,farmsizeand farmingexperienceof51years,2.1haand12years,respectively.Majority(62.0%)ofthe respondentsrentedfarmlandatH20,000.00/ha/annumwith450kg/haofcassavastemsanda mean output of 12.5tons/ha. Furthermore,respondents expended an average of R6,500/workday, H4,500/ltrandH680/kg onlabour, herbicidesandfertilizers, respectively.Majority (65.6%)of therespondentswere co-operativememberswhile 69.9%obtainedcredits from formal sources and predominantlyused credit for land clearing (73.2%), planting (71.6%), weeding (70.4%) and harvesting (64.5%). The respondents indicate that the major risks facing cassava-based farming were lowcrop yield (87.6%), pest and diseases (73.5%) and inflation (63.1%).Risk management practices commonlyusedbythe respondentswere planting ofearly maturingvarieties (85.6%) anddiversificationoffarmactivities(72.7%) while farm insurance(15.5%) and contractwith off-takers (27.3%) were less commonly practiced. Translog production function showed that the meantechnical,allocativeandeconomicefficiencyoftherespondentswere91.7%,94.8%and 93.7%,respectively.Also,quantityofcassavastem(§=-0.468,p<0.01)positivelyinfluenced iVcassavaoutput,whilefarmingexperience(§=-0.117),creditutilizationratio(§=-0.179E-04), contractwithoff-takers(§=-0.552),diversificationoffarmactivities(§=-3.765)andinsurance offarm(§=-1.504)haveapositiveandsignificant(p<0.01)effectonthetechnicalefficiencyof thecassava-basedfarmers.Priceof land (§=0.080),labour wage (§=0.099),cassava stemprice (§=0.869),fertilizer price(§=0.743)andherbicide price(§=0.133)significantly (p<0.01) influencedthecostofcassavaproductionwhilecooperativemembership(§=0.005,p<0.01)and contract withoff-takers (a=0.006,p<0.01) hadapositiveandsignificant effectoncassava-based farmers' allocative efficiency. The study concluded that the farmers were efficient in cassava production. The study recommended easy access to credit, diversification of farm activitiesandriskmanagementtrainingstoimprovetheproductionefficienciesofthecassava-based farmers.
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    MODERATION EFFECT OF FLOURISHING ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICALCAPITAL, STUDY ENGAGEMENTAND STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG POSTGRADUAT STUDENTS IN PUNAAB
    (2025-06-08) OLADIPUPO, DAVIDFFMI
    ABSTRACT The intricate relationships between psychological capital. study engagement. and academic performance of students have been well-documented in previous studies. 1lowever, the specific rncch‹inisiiisdrivinbthisiclationshipromainundci'-cxpltircd. 1lici‘cli›i’c.thisstuclacxaiiiiiicdthe moderation effects of" l3ourishing on the relationship between psychological capital. study engagementandacadeiricpcrtorirancc anaong postgi‹iduatc studcnts in the l'cclci‹il tlnivcicity of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). A stratified sampling proccduic was cmployed to sclcct 302 respondents for this study. Primary data were obtained using a structured qricstionnairc on students’personalcharacteristics,acaden icper£oririancc.psychulugicalcapital,study engagementandflourishinglevels.Datawereanalyscdusingrrcqucncyct›unts.t›crccntagtS, means,standarddeviationandModeratedMultipleRcgrcssion(MMR).thefindingsshowthat 51.3%oftherespondentsweremale,64.6%weresingle,and48.8%weref“hi‘islians.Ifall"c›l’the respondentshave high level of psychological capital(50.3%) and 51.7% reported ahighlevel of engagement in their studics. Also, 53.0"/« cf“ îhe rcsp‹›ndunts rpurtuJ n1t›dcratc lcvcl ‹›Ëacadcmic performance,and63.7%werehigh-levelflourishers.’l'hemoderatedmultiplercgrcssionanalysis shows that flourishing (§= 0.25, p <0.01), psychological capital (b0.36, p <().01), and study engagement (§0.13, p <0.01) were related to acadcmicpcrl(irlTlancc. 1Jowcvcr, the moderationanalysisshowsthattheinteractiontermsforflourishingwithpsycliologicalcapital(§ —-0.01) and study engagement (§0.01) were tinrclated to acadciiiic pt•rf‹irmancc. In conclusion, this study established that psychological capital, sîudy engagement. and Ilourishing independentlycontributedtotheacademicperformanceofpostgraduatestudents.IHowever, flourishingdidnotmoderatetherelationshipbetwccnpsychologicalcapital,studyengagement,
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    POULTRY FARMERS DISPOSITION TO BIOSEURITY MEASURES AGAINST AVIANEPIDEMAL THREAT IN COMMERCIAL POULTRY PRODUCTION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-06-26) KOLEOSO, EMMANUEL OLUWATOBI
    ABSTRACT Regular application of effective biosecurity measures is very essential in preventing and controlling the spread of disease and infections in commercial poultry production. Hence, the need to understand that specific epidemal threats determine the biosecurity measures to be adopted by farmers.This study examined the poultry farmers’ disposition to biosecurity measures against avian epidemal threat in commercial poultry production in Ogun State, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 286 respondents for the study. Data were collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents; economic impact of avian epidemal threat experienced; biosecurity measures used in managing the incidence of avian diseases and poultry farmers’ disposition to biosecurity measures in the study area using a structured questionnaire. Chi square and descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, mean, and standard deviation) were used to analyse the data. The mean age and years of experience with poultry were 46.0 and 18.0 years, respectively, and the results indicate that 51.1% of the respondents had completed tertiary education. 54.4% of respondents utilised a manual watering system, whereas the majority (85.2%) employed an intensive management system. The respondents cited radio/television (83.3%), family and friends (84.4%), and agricultural extension field demonstration (98.9%) as their primary sources of information on managing chicken production.The common viral epidemal threats to profitable and sustainable poultry production were hemorrhagic enteritis (x̄ = 2.74) and swollen head syndrome (x̄ = 2.12) and bacteria diseases were tuberculosis (x̄ = 2.45) and paratyphoid infections (x̄ = 2.42) while guinea worm (x̄ = 2.47) and Giardiasis (x̄ = 2.42) were parasitic diseases. The economic effect of epidemal threats on commercial poultry production were stunted growth (x ̅=3.77), high mortality rate of the birds (x ̅=3.74) and loss of income (x ̅=3.72). Most (79.3%) of the respondents reported moderate impact of epidemal threats in poultry production. The biosecurity measures mostly used by the respondents to manage incidences of poultry diseases were bird culling (x ̅=3.61), self-administration of medication (x ̅=3.52) and limitation of non-essential traffic on the farm (x ̅=3.42).Also, 71.1% of the respondents had low utilization of biosecurity measures against avian epidemal threats. The disposition of poultry farmers to biosecurity measures was reduction in the likelihood of virus introduction into the flock (x̄ = 4.11) and less expenses for veterinary services (x̄ = 3.64). Furthermore, 55.2% of the respondents had moderate disposition to biosecurity measures. The chi square results reveal significant (p<0.05) association between educational level (χ2= 9.399), style of rearing (χ2= 11.298) and disposition of poultry farmers to biosecurity measures. The study concluded that the farmers are favourably disposed to the use of biosecurity measures to mitigate the effects of avian epidemial threats in the study area. Therefore, poultry farmers should be regularly trained on the use of biosecurity measures for sustainable and profitable poultry production.
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    EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON KOLANUT PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
    (2025-05-12) UGWU, CHINWEIKE ABEDNEGO
    ABSTRACT Kolanut is an economical and culturally significant crop in Nigeria, valued for its socio-cultural, medicinal, and commercial importance. Despite its relevance, kolanut production is increasingly threatened by the adverse effects of climate change. This study examined the long-term effect of climate change on Kolanut production in Nigeria, with emphasis on temporal trends and regional climatic variations across major producing States (Ondo, Ogun, Osun, Ekiti, Oyo, Abia, Niger, Edo, Delta, and Cross River). Secondary data on annual kolanut production indices (yield, area harvested and production volume) and climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed) from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) respectively between 1980 and 2022 were used for the study. Trend analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method were used to analyze the data. Results reveal that kolanut output in Nigeria exhibited fluctuating trends from 82,000 tons in 1997 to 177,000 tons in 2015. Areas harvested fluctuated between 91,000ha (1997) and 270,143ha (2010). Temperature trends showed consistent warming from 31.1oC in 1981 to 39.24oC in 2016, while rainfall patterns decreased from an all-time high of 2792.62mm in 1983 to 1371.96mm in 2022, with significant spatial disparities. Also, relative humidity and wind speed were the most stable of the four climatic variables sampled with a range of 82.4% in 1981 to 82.3% in 2022 and 5.49m/s in 1981 to 5.78m/s in 2022 respectively. GIS results show that southern states, experienced pronounced warming and declining rainfall. GIS result shows that the average decadal temperature and rainfall in Ondo, Ogun, Osun, Ekiti, Oyo, Abia, Edo, Delta, and Cross River were between 22oC-26oC to 23oC-27oC and 1300mm-2400mm to 1400mm-2300mm in period 1 (1981-1990) and period 4 (2010-2020) respectively. FMOLS results reveal that the lagged kolanut output (β = 0.879, p<0.01), area harvested (β = 0.605, p<0.01), temperature (β = 0.683, p<0.05) and wind speed (β = 0.233, p<0.01) had significant effects on current kolanut output. However, the lagged value of area harvested (β = -0.515, p<0.01) had a negative effect on current kolanut output. The study concluded that, kolanut yield in Nigeria is affected by climatic changes, particularly temperature and wind speed. It was recommended that farmers should plant windbreak and shade trees to reduce heat and wind stress while continuous training on the climatic requirements of kolanut production should be encouraged among the farmers for better output.
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    EFFECTS OF GINGER POWDER ON THE In Vitro GAS PRODUCTION OF BRACHIARIA SPECIES
    (2024-09-22) AJIBIKE, BALIQIS ADEOLA
    ABSTRACT The study evaluated effects of ginger powder at graded levels on the in vitro and methane gas production of Brachiariadecumbens and Brachiariaruziziensis. The experiment was laid out as a 2 x 3 factorial design with two Brachiariaspp (B. ruziziensis and B. decumbens) harvested from 15cm above ground level and three levels of inclusions of ginger powder (0, 10 and 15 mg/g) and replicated three times. Data collection was subjected to two-ways analysis of variance and the treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range test using SAS (1999) package. Results showed that there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the gas volumes (6, 12, and 24 hours of in vitro incubation) when the Brachariagrasses were compared. Under the interaction, there were significant (p<0.05) differences in the final gas volumes due to the effect of the ginger powder inclusion levels. The gas volumes significantly (p<0.05) increased at 5.0mg/g of ginger powder inclusion when compared with the control; however, no further increase in gas volume was recorded at the highest inclusion level of ginger powder. The organic matter digestibility, short chain fatty acids, and metabolizable energy significantly (p<0.05) increased at 5.0mg/g of ginger powder inclusion while lower values were recorded at 10mg/g inclusion of the ginger. In conclusion, ginger powder can be included into ruminant diets at a level of 5.0 mg/g to enhance gas production and reduce CH4 emissions in grasses.
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    EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON KOLANUT PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
    (2025-09-11) UGWU, CHINWEIKE ABEDNEGO
    ABSTRACT Kolanut is an economical and culturally significant crop in Nigeria, valued for its socio-cultural, medicinal, and commercial importance. Despite its relevance, kolanut production is increasingly threatened by the adverse effects of climate change. This study examined the long-term effect of climate change on Kolanut production in Nigeria, with emphasis on temporal trends and regional climatic variations across major producing States (Ondo, Ogun, Osun, Ekiti, Oyo, Abia, Niger, Edo, Delta, and Cross River). Secondary data on annual kolanut production indices (yield, area harvested and production volume) and climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed) from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) respectively between 1980 and 2022 were used for the study. Trend analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method were used to analyze the data. Results reveal that kolanut output in Nigeria exhibited fluctuating trends from 82,000 tons in 1997 to 177,000 tons in 2015. Areas harvested fluctuated between 91,000ha (1997) and 270,143ha (2010). Temperature trends showed consistent warming from 31.1oC in 1981 to 39.24oC in 2016, while rainfall patterns decreased from an all-time high of 2792.62mm in 1983 to 1371.96mm in 2022, with significant spatial disparities. Also, relative humidity and wind speed were the most stable of the four climatic variables sampled with a range of 82.4% in 1981 to 82.3% in 2022 and 5.49m/s in 1981 to 5.78m/s in 2022 respectively. GIS results show that southern states, experienced pronounced warming and declining rainfall. GIS result shows that the average decadal temperature and rainfall in Ondo, Ogun, Osun, Ekiti, Oyo, Abia, Edo, Delta, and Cross River were between 22oC-26oC to 23oC-27oC and 1300mm-2400mm to 1400mm-2300mm in period 1 (1981-1990) and period 4 (2010-2020) respectively. FMOLS results reveal that the lagged kolanut output (β = 0.879, p<0.01), area harvested (β = 0.605, p<0.01), temperature (β = 0.683, p<0.05) and wind speed (β = 0.233, p<0.01) had significant effects on current kolanut output. However, the lagged value of area harvested (β = -0.515, p<0.01) had a negative effect on current kolanut output. The study concluded that, kolanut yield in Nigeria is affected by climatic changes, particularly temperature and wind speed. It was recommended that farmers should plant windbreak and shade trees to reduce heat and wind stress while continuous training on the climatic requirements of kolanut production should be encouraged among the farmers for better output.
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    EFFECTS OF LAND EXPROPRIATION ON THE LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES OF RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-01-20) OYESANWEN AUGUSTINE ADEKUNLE
    ABSTRACT Access to land is crucial for the socio-economic development of the majority of Africans who depends on land and land-based resources for their livelihoods. However, taking over of privately owned lands of faming households by the Government will reduce their means of livelihoods. This studytherefore assessed the effects of land expropriation on the livelihood outcomes of rural farming households in Ogun State.A multistage sampling procedure was used to sample 840 respondents from 31 expropriated and 25 non-expropriated communities. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on the socio-economic characteristics of households, status of expropriated land, effects of land expropriated on households, livelihood outcomes of farm households,factors affecting livelihood outcomes, and coping strategies for this study. Descriptive statistics, Ordered Logit regression (OLR), Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), Tobit regression (TBR), and Multivariate Probit regression (MVPR) were used to analyse the data. Results revealed that 43.3% of the respondents were above 50years with the mean age of 48 and 49 years old in expropriated and non-expropriated areas respectively, 82.4% were married, 90.6% were male, 72.2% had an household size of 1-5 persons, 79.4% had less than 5acres of land and 88.1% had one form of formal education out of which 42.5% attended secondary school.Most (58.5%) of respondents have not received their compensation for their expropriated land.Also, 49.5% and 59.0% of the respondents in expropriated and non-expropriated areaswere moderately food secure. MPI results showed that majority (82.0% and 83.0%) of the respondents in expropriated and non-expropriated areasrespectively are non-poor. OLR results revealed that age (β= 0.1112), household size (β= 0.1441), access to good roads (β= 0.8916) and participation in off-farm activities (β= 1.1290)significantly (p<0.05) influence food security, while the gender (β= -0.9250), and land expropriation (β=-0.5334) had significant (p<0.05) negative impacts on food security. TBR model revealed that age (β=0.0058), marital status (β=0.0365),and total land size (β=0.0143) significantly (p<0.05) influencethe households’ livelihood outcomes, while age square (β=-6.9E-05), years of schooling (β=-0.0150), tropical livestock unit (β=-0.0035), off-farm participation (β=-0.0213) and farm income (β=-8.09E-08) significantly (p<0.05) decreasedthe depth of multidimensional poverty of the households. MVPR showed that age (β=0.0729), years of schooling (β=0.0360), total parcel of land (β=0.0554), tropical livestock units (β=0.0299) and membership of cooperative (β=0.5917) positively influenced the likelihood ofplanting only arable crops as coping strategy. However, household size (β=-0.1568), access road (β=-0.0068), and off-farm participation (β=-0.7521) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the probability of households’ planting of arable crops. Conclusively, households whose land were expropriated were more food secure with better livelihood outcomes in the study areas. Therefore, government land expropriation policy shouldgive economic and timely compensation to reduce effects on livelihood outcomes of rural farming households and food security in the study area.
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    EFFECTS OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION ON FOOD SECURITY OF SMALLHOLDER RICE FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-07-15) OYENEKAN TIMOTHY OLANREWAJU
    ABSTRACT Income diversification by farmers can positively impact their food availability, accessibility and stability. Hence, this study examined the effects of income diversification on food security of smallholder rice farming households in Ogun State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 160 rice-farming households in Ogun State. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on socioeconomic characteristics, food expenditure and income diversification of the rice farming households. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Simpson index, Food Expenditure Approach, Tobit Regression and Ordered logit Regression. The results showed that 63.1% of the household heads were male, 55.6% were married, 88.7% had some form of formal education with mean age and monthly income of 48 years and ₦57,858.33k respectively. Most (69.4%) of the respondents had access to credit. However, 98.1% derived income from the sale of farm produce, 86.3% from petty trading, 76.9% from cash and tree crops and 75.0% from artisanal fishing activities. The average income diversification index was 0.59. The result of tobit regression showed that sex of household head (β = 0.0178), marital status (β = 0.1289), farming experience (β = 0.0042) and access to credit (β = 0.1778) significantly (p<0.01) influence income diversification. Most (68.2%) of the farming households had very low food security status. The result of the ordered logit regression showed that sex of household head (β = 1.8662), farming experience (β = -0.1721), access to credit (β = -4.8067) and income diversification index (β = 19.1417) had significant (p<0.01) effect on food security status of rice farming households in the study area. The study concluded that income diversification significantly affects the food security status of rice farming households in the study area. Therefore, rice farming households should be trained on how to effectively diversify their income in the study area so as to enhance food security.
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    PERCEPTION OF FARMERS TOWARDS TRAINING RECEIVED ON CASSAVA VALUE ADDITION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-10-20) OYEFESO, TOLUWALOPE TOYOSI
    ABSTRACT The low returns of cassava farmers engaging in value addition amidst the opportunities available for income generation and export purposes have led to the need for training on value addition to enhance production and maximize productivity. Therefore, this study assessed the perception of farmers towards training received on cassava value addition in Ogun State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select 144 respondents for this study. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain from respondents data on personal and production characteristics of cassava farmers, level of knowledge and skill on the value-added products, farmers’ perception towards value-addition training received and constraints militating against uptake of value addition. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviation and frequency counts) and hierarchical regression model were used to analyse the data. Results showed that 38.9% of the farmers were between 41-50 years of age, 64.6% were female, 79.2% were married, 46.6% had secondary school education, 56.3% had 6 to 15 years farming experience and 94.4% had 1 to 5 specialised trainings on cassava value addition in the past one year. Majority (80.0%) of the farmers owned their lands, 55.3% had farm sizes ranging between 1 and 2 hectares, 77.1% employed hired labour, 73.6% harvested 10 to 20 tonnes of cassava per hectare and 59.0% produced all the cassava used in value addition. Most of the respondents had high knowledge of garri (97.2%) and cassava flour (75.0%) production. Most (76.1%) of the respondents had adequate skill to process garri and reported that increased productivity ( =2.40) is a major factor in cassava value addition. Furthermore, 89.6% each of the respondents indicated that the high cost of production and a lack of farmers’ access to credit for operating and expanding their enterprise were the major constraints of cassava value addition. However, 40.0% of the respondents earned less than ₦50,000 before engaging in cassava value addition compared with 50.7% who earned more than ₦200,000 after engaging in it. Most of the cassava farmers desired training in cassava sweeteners (84.0%), cassava pasta (76.4%), cassava cake/bread and chips (75.7%) and tapioca (74.3%). Hierarchical regression model revealed that age (β = 0.39) and actual years of farming experience (β= 0.46) were significantly (p<0.01) related to productivity. Furthermore, age (β= 0.39, p<0.01), education (β= 0.18, p<0.05) and farming experience (β= 0.44, p<0.01) were significant factorsof relevance of training received. This study concluded that there is a need to encourage cassava farmers to acquire relevant training and skills in additional value-added products beyond garri which will enhance their productivity. Therefore, farmers’ capacity should be enhanced through periodic training to enhance their knowledge in cassava value addition.
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    HERDERS-FARMERS: CONFLICT AND HUMAN SECURITY IN IBARAPA COMMUNITIES, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-01-20) OLADELE, OLADOTUN SURAJUDEEN
    ABSTRACT Nigeria has witnessed a share of herders and farmers conflicts over grazing land which have resulted in the loss of lives, unstable economy and worsened food crises. Hence, this study assessed effects of herders-farmers’ conflict on human security in Ibarapa communities in Oyo State Nigeria. Exploration research method was adopted to investigate the human security dimension of herders-farmers conflicts and management mechanisms deployed in handling the conflicts. Purposive sampling technique was used to select fifty respondents for the study. Primary data were collected on triggers of conflicts, conflict trends and patterns, the human security and management mechanisms adopted in addressing the conflicts using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using data triangulation, content analysis, and descriptive statistics. Results revealed that most (84.0%) of respondents were male, 64.0% were married, 52.0% had primary school education and 64.0% were between 18 and 35 years old. The major conflict triggers identified by the respondents were encroachment of farm lands and destruction of crops by cattle (46.0%), and ethnic and linguistic differences between the farmers and herders (30.0%). The major trends and pattern of conflict reported by the respondents are destruction of crops by herders (40.0%), constant fear (26.0%), competition for land (12.0%) and killings and reprisal attacks (10.0%). The in-depth interviews and focus group discussion report by the participants indicate that the nature of human security in the communities is very fragile and compromised, livelihood diversification from farming to okada riding, high level of insecurity, increased rural-urban migration among the youths, reduced agricultural production activities and high cost of agricultural produce. Confrontation mechanism (54.0%), mediation (26.0%) and negotiation (20.0%) were the common conflict resolution mechanisms used by the respondents in the study area. The participants of the focus group discussion reported that confrontation mechanism failed which brought about negotiation and mediation mechanisms that involved the state government officials, security agencies, community leaders, youths, herders and farmers; these mechanisms were more effective and yielded the relative peace currently enjoyed in the communities. This study concluded that peaceful negotiation and dialogue rather than confrontation is important to ameliorate incessant conflict among herders and farmers. The study recommends the need for the involvement of major stakeholders (including herders, farmers, community leaders, government officials, security agencies) in conflict resolution mechanisms to build trust and foster peaceful coexistence in the community.
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    EFFECTS OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG RURAL COMMUNITIES IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-11-20) OLONIBUA, TOYIN GRACE
    ABSTRACT Climate-smart agricultural practices have been identified as a means to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture in order to enhance agricultural productivity, improve resilience and food security. This study examined the effects of using climate-smart agricultural practices on food security among rural communities in Ogun State. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 222 respondents for the study. Interview guide was used to elicit data on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, knowledge of farmers on climate-smart agricultural practices, extent of using climate-smart agricultural practices, factors influencing adaptation decision of climate-smart agricultural practices and the food security status of the farmers. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviation, Chi square, Pearsons Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Linear regression. Results reveal that 51.4% of the respondents were male, 73.9% were married and 92.7% had basic literacy and numeracy skills with an average age, farming experience, farm size and annual farm income of 43.05years, 17years, 1.2 hectares and ₦700,000 respectively. Most (69.4%) of the respondents had moderate knowledge and 73.9% had high utilization of climate-smart agricultural practices. The major factors that influenced adaptation decision were access to extension services (x ̅ =1.79) and weather information (x ̅ =1.62). Furthermore, results show that 90.1% of the respondents were food insecure. The correlation results show a significant (p<0.05) relationship between farm income (r=0.226), farm size (r=0.336) and food security status of the farmers. Linear regression reveals a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the respondents’ knowledge (β= 0.478), level of using climate smart agricultural practices (β= 0.203) factors influencing farmers’ adaptation decisions (β= 0.478) and the food security status. The study concluded that the utilization of climate-smart agricultural practices influences food security status of rural communities in Ogun State. Therefore, there is need to further encourage the use of climate-smart practices in order to improve food security status of the farmers.
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    ASSESSMENT OF POULTRY FARMERS READINESS TO ADOPT CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN OGUN STATE.
    (2024-01-20) OLUYEMI, AYODELE MOSES
    ABSTRACT Changing climate patterns makes the adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices becomes imperative for poultry farmers to enhance resilience, mitigate environmental degradation, and sustain productivity. This study assessed poultry farmers’ readiness to adopt climate smart agricultural practices in Ogun State. Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 243 small and medium scale poultry farmers from six Poultry Association of Nigeria Ogun State Chapter (PANOG) group zones. Primary data were obtained on climate change related risks experienced, awareness of CSA practices, knowledge of CSA practices, readiness to adopt climate-smart agriculture practices, factors influencing readiness to adopt CSA practices and sources of information on climate smart agriculture practices from small and medium poultry farmers with questionnaire. Secondary data were also obtained on annual rainfall, temperature and relative humidity in the study area in the last ten years from Nigeria Meteorological Agency. Data were analyzed using percentages, frequency counts, mean and standard deviation, Chi-Square statistic and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Result reveals that the mean age, poultry experience of the respondents were 43±11.36years, 9±6.76years respectively, 55.6% of the respondents had Higher National Diploma/ Bachelor of Science in Education. Findings show that the highest mean temperature, rainfall and relative humidity were 300C, 2200mm and 80.0% recorded at year 2024 respectively. Climate related risks experienced by the respondents were increase in heat stress in the poultry birds due to rise in temp (x ̅=2.29) and changing in egg production or hatch rate (x ̅=2.08). Some of CSA practices aware by the respondents were integration of agroforestry practices (86.8%), and adoption of precision feeding (84.4%). Results shows that majority (66.7%) of the respondents were highly knowledgeable on CSA practices. Also, findings reveal that majority (69.4%) of the respondents were ready to adopt CSA practices. Furthermore, result shows that factors influencing the respondent’s readiness to adopt CSA practices were financial resources (x ̅=1.77) and availability of modern infrastructure and tools for implementation (=1.67). Sources of information on CSA practices were Poultry Farmers Association (81.9%) and social media (68.7%). PPMC revealed significant relationships (p≤0.05) between age (r= 0.22); years of poultry experience (r=0.12); awareness (r =0.29 and readiness to adopt climate smart agricultural practices. Chi-square statistic revealed significant association (p≤0.05) between closure of poultry production due to extreme weather event (χ2=0.91); challenges in accessing veterinary services during extreme weather (χ2=0.45) and readiness to adopt CSA practices. The study concludes that poultry farmers in Ogun State demonstrate substantial awareness and readiness to adopt CSA practices. Therefore, the study recommends that State Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with Ogun State Agricultural Development Program (OGADEP) and Poultry Association of Nigeria Ogun State Chapter (PANOG) should conduct regular training for poultry farmers on climate smart agricultural practices to equip them with practical skills to manage climate related risks affecting poultry production.
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    POULTRY FARMERS DISPOSITION TO BIOSEURITY MEASURES AGAINST AVIANEPIDEMAL THREAT IN COMMERCIAL POULTRY PRODUCTION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-11-20) KOLEOSO, EMMANUEL OLUWATOBI
    ABSTRACT Regular application of effective biosecurity measures is very essential in preventing and controlling the spread of disease and infections in commercial poultry production. Hence, the need to understand that specific epidemal threats determine the biosecurity measures to be adopted by farmers.This study examined the poultry farmers’ disposition to biosecurity measures against avian epidemal threat in commercial poultry production in Ogun State, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 286 respondents for the study. Data were collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents; economic impact of avian epidemal threat experienced; biosecurity measures used in managing the incidence of avian diseases and poultry farmers’ disposition to biosecurity measures in the study area using a structured questionnaire. Chi square and descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, mean, and standard deviation) were used to analyse the data. The mean age and years of experience with poultry were 46.0 and 18.0 years, respectively, and the results indicate that 51.1% of the respondents had completed tertiary education. 54.4% of respondents utilised a manual watering system, whereas the majority (85.2%) employed an intensive management system. The respondents cited radio/television (83.3%), family and friends (84.4%), and agricultural extension field demonstration (98.9%) as their primary sources of information on managing chicken production.The common viral epidemal threats to profitable and sustainable poultry production were hemorrhagic enteritis (x̄ = 2.74) and swollen head syndrome (x̄ = 2.12) and bacteria diseases were tuberculosis (x̄ = 2.45) and paratyphoid infections (x̄ = 2.42) while guinea worm (x̄ = 2.47) and Giardiasis (x̄ = 2.42) were parasitic diseases. The economic effect of epidemal threats on commercial poultry production were stunted growth (x ̅=3.77), high mortality rate of the birds (x ̅=3.74) and loss of income (x ̅=3.72). Most (79.3%) of the respondents reported moderate impact of epidemal threats in poultry production. The biosecurity measures mostly used by the respondents to manage incidences of poultry diseases were bird culling (x ̅=3.61), self-administration of medication (x ̅=3.52) and limitation of non-essential traffic on the farm (x ̅=3.42).Also, 71.1% of the respondents had low utilization of biosecurity measures against avian epidemal threats. The disposition of poultry farmers to biosecurity measures was reduction in the likelihood of virus introduction into the flock (x̄ = 4.11) and less expenses for veterinary services (x̄ = 3.64). Furthermore, 55.2% of the respondents had moderate disposition to biosecurity measures. The chi square results reveal significant (p<0.05) association between educational level (χ2= 9.399), style of rearing (χ2= 11.298) and disposition of poultry farmers to biosecurity measures. The study concluded that the farmers are favourably disposed to the use of biosecurity measures to mitigate the effects of avian epidemial threats in the study area. Therefore, poultry farmers should be regularly trained on the use of biosecurity measures for sustainable and profitable poultry production.
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    ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN EDO AND ONDO STATES, NIGERIA
    (2023-11-20) IGBOSOROEZE CHINYERE ANGELA
    ABSTRACT The need to bridge the widening demand and supply gap of palm oil calls for increase in oil palm production and processing. However, increase in oil palm production and processing has consequential impact on the environment like climate change, deforestation, eco-water toxicity amongst others. This study assessed the economic and environmental impacts of oil palm production and processing in Edo and Ondo States. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 550 respondents for the study. Data were acquired using structured questionnaire. Gross margin analysis was utilized to determine the profitability of oil palm production and processing. Stochastic production frontier was used to determine the production efficiency of the farmers and processors. Life cycle analysis (LCA) was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts of oil palm production and processing. Dichotomous-Choice Contingent Valuation Method (DC-CVM) was used to determine the economic value of the externalities caused by oil palm production and processing. Multinomial logit regression was used to find the marginal effect of factors influencing the choice of coping strategies and benefit cost analysis (BCA) was utilized to decide the most feasible and cost-effective adaptation strategy. Findings showed that the mean age of the respondents was 57 years in Ondo State and 52 years in Edo State. Majority of the farmers in Edo and Ondo States obtained their seedlings from the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR). Majority (74.58% and 71.79%) of the farmers, processors (83.33% and 89.47%) and farmers/processors (97.3% and 97.56%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have no access to extension services. Majority (96.61% and 100%) of the farmers, processors (96.97% and 92.11%), farmers/processors (95.95% and 97.56%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have no access to credit. Majority (57.63% and 51.28%) of the farmers, farmers/processors (98.65% and 89.43%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have less than 1500 palm trees. The gross profit margin of the farmers, processors, farmers/processors were 0.27 and 0.37; 0.43 and 0.39; 0.47 and 0.43 in Ondo and Edo States respectively. Result showed that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in Edo and Ondo States was 0.85, processors 0.83 and farmers/processors 0.89. LCA result shows that the significant impact categories were eco-water toxicity (1.31E+05 CTUe), climate change (44021.79 kgCo2 eq), fossil fuel (15051.12 MJ) and respiratory inorganics (25050.01 kg). The estimated annual cost of externalities caused by oil palm production and processing in Edo State was ₦28,960,084,800 and ₦32,231,355,840 in Ondo State. Result of the BCA showed that the conversion of empty fruit bunch to bio-fertilizer was the most feasible and cost-effective adaptation strategy, with a Net Present Value of ₦556,577.85, benefit cost ratio of 1.10 and internal rate of return of 46.3%. In conclusion, oil palm production and processing has been shown to be a profitable venture but contributes to climate change, eco-water toxicity amongst other environmental impacts. Farmers and processors should join cooperative societies for easy access to credit, extension services, increased production and training on sustainable agricultural practices to better preserve the environment.
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    CASSAVA PROCESSING ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IMPROVED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-01-20) EJIM-EZE, IFUNANYA MARTHA
    ABSTRACT Processing of cassava roots into various products generates substantial cassava waste which has environmental implications, hence the need to encourage adoption of improved waste management systems among cassava processors. This study examined the cassava processing environmental externalities and willingness to pay (WTP) for improved waste management systems in Ogun State. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted to select two hundred (200) respondents for the study. The first stage was the purposive selection of two Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) zones (Abeokuta and Ikenne), due to their massive involvement in cassava production and processing, while the last stage involved a systematic random sampling of cassava processors in the study area. Using a well-structured questionnaire, primary data were obtained on cassava processors’ socioeconomic characteristics, cassava processing methods, types of cassava wastes, cassava processing environmental externalitiesperceived, willingness to pay for improved cassava waste management systems, and influence of socioeconomic characteristics on the adoption of improved cassava waste management systems. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, mean), Logit regression model (LRM), and multivariate probit (MVP). Findings reveal that 83.0% of the cassava processors were female; with mean age, annual income, processing experience, mean bid price (WTP price) and household size of 43 years, ₦603,000.00, 15 years, ₦1,320.00 and 6 persons respectively. Findings also reveal that 43.5% of the processors had primary education, 46.5% had access to extension services, 68.5% were married, and 78.0% were into thrift savings while 9.0% belonged to processing associations. The major types of cassava wastes generated by the respondents were cassava wastewater (99.5%), cassava peels (81.0%), foul odor (75.5%), and smoke (70.0%). Furthermore, cassava processing environmental externalities were perceived as highfor organic matter ( = 4.20) and engine oil spillage ( = 3.94) respectively while it is moderatefor flies infestation ( = 2.76) and very low for cyanide generation ( = 1.00). LRM reveals that bid price (ꞵ = -0.032) significantly (p<0.05) influenced the WTP for improved cassava waste management systems. MVP results showed that gender (ꞵ =1.363, p<0.01), extension visit (ꞵ = 0.005, p<0.01), quantity of cassava processed (ꞵ =1.008, p<0.05) and annual income (ꞵ = 0.220, p<0.01) had positive influence, while access to financial credit (ꞵ = -0.330, p<0.01) negatively influenced the adoption of improved waste management systems. This study concluded that the cassava processors are willing to pay for improved waste management systems by reducing the bid prices and increasing extension services. This study recommended that there should be more extension services in the study area, to promote the use of improved cassava waste management. Processors should also be encouraged to join processing associations to enable them stay well-informed, innovative and have access to financial credit.