College of Physical Sciences
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Item ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATION EFFECT OF LIVESTOCK WASTE ON SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER USING INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL METHODS(2024-11-20) LASISI, RASAQ AKANJIABSTRACT Cattle confinement causes significant amount of animal wastes in the surface and subsoil, contributing an enormous amount of pollutant into the soil and nearby aquifer units. In order to evaluate the degree of pollution, the extent of migration of leachate formed from animal wastes and its impact on shallow aquifer unit should be appraised. In view of this, electrical resistivity survey (1D vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2D electrical resistivity Tomography (ERT)) and geochemical methods were utilized on the study site and nearby water sources respectively. Apparent resistivity data were measured along sixteen profiles using Schlumberger and Wenner configuration while soil samples were collected from laid transverses at depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60cm respectively. Geochemical assessment of surface and groundwater samples were carried out according to standard laboratory practices while hydrochemical facies of the sampled water was evaluated using Piper Trilinear software. The VES, 2D and 3D resistivity data were processed and inverted using WINRESIST, RES2DINV and RES3DINV software respectively. The ranges of resistivity and thickness of the Topsoil, Silt Fine Sand layer and Clay layers according to VES are (3.2-54.80 Ωm, 0.4-3.4 m), (5 - 75Ωm, 0.2 -19.1 m), (4.6 -188.7 Ωm, 2.7 -12.7 m). The inverse resisting model section of the subsurface from 2D and 3D imaging revealed low resistivity value less than 10 Ωm suspected to be leachate infiltration while 3D inverse section allowed delineation of animal waste plume, weathered layer and seepage path. The extent of migration was up to a depth of about 9m and more pronounced in the south eastern part of the study site. Hence, possible contamination of shallow groundwater system as livestock market ages. All the collected soil sample along the traverse lines belong to sandy loam, moderately acidic with nitrate and moisture content value ranging from 9.87-135.39 mg/kg and 0.238 to 0.324 cm3/cm3, respectively, At selected soil depths. The result of the physicochemical analysis revealed that 77% of water samples to be within the permissible limits of WHO/NSDWQ for drinking purpose besides their suitability for irrigation use. Interpretation of the piper diagram showed NaHCo3 to be the dominant facies in the area while alkaline earth metal (Ca2+ x mg2+) and weak acid (HCo3-, Co3-) are dominant cation and anions in the area. Surface and groundwater in the study area are of fresh and alkaline water type.Item A NOVEL GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR BASED ON SILVER NANOPARTICLE (AgNP) STABILIZED WITH SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE (NaTPP) CROSS-LINKED CHITOSAN: DIRECT ELECTRON TRANSFER AND ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY(2024-09-15) BAMIGBADE, Akeem AdesinaAbstract The development of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor has been the concern of many researchers mainly because enzymes based sensor despite having excellent sensitivity and selectivity, has the limitations such as poor stability, complicated enzyme immobilization, critical operating conditions such as optimum temperature and reproducibility, which hinder the sensor properties. The prevalence of renal problem globally justifies the need for the development of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor that can effectively and accurately detect glucose in any medium which can be very effective to the detection and treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study has developed a biocompatible non-enzymatic glucose biosensor, Direct electron transfer and electro-catalytic activity of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) stabilized with sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) cross-linked chitosan was studied. Silver nanoparticle was prepared and characterized by Fourier transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electro-catalytic activity of the synthesised AgNPs was investigated through potentiometric and amperometric techniques. The crystalline size of the AgNPs was revealed with XRD. The cubic face-centered structure of the synthesised silver nanoparticle was confirmed. This was supported by the observed sharp four diffraction peaks with peaks intense appearing at 2θ = 38.09°, 44.15°, 64.67°, and 77.54°. However, the SEM micrograph of the synthesised AgNPs revealed the spherical shape of AgNPs with a non-uniform granular shape attributed to bio-mediated ionic gelation process. The surface of the synthesised AgNPs has a spherical shape and slightly elongated with a big tendency to aggregate and form larger particle clusters. Whereas, FTIR spectra of AgNPs gave peaks at 1054 – 1645 cm-1 suggesting the presence of phosphonate linkages between ammonium, -NH3+ of chitosan and –PO32- moieties of NaTPP during cross linking process. The electro-catalytic oxidation of glucose at the electrode surface was examined and the mechanism involved in glucose oxidation was revealed. The silver nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNPGCE) showed a better electrochemical response towards glucose. This glucose sensor shows high sensitivity at +0.54 V. A low detection limit of 1.22 M taken the confident level to be 3, and wide linear range of 2 to 24 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9987 were obtained. The calculated parameters revealed that AgNPs has shown better overall electrochemical performance with a response which is better than enzymatic biosensor. The fabricated AgNPs sensor shows comparable sensitivity (98%) of the initial value after it was kept in air for 8 days, demonstrating the very good sensitivity and durability of the glucose sensing. The good adhesion towards electrode and structural stability of AgNPs could be ascribed to long-term stability of AgNPs sensor. Based on these results, the AgNPGCE is a promising glucose biosensor candidate for excellent determination of glucose level in any medium.Item ELECTRONIC, THERMOELECTRIC, ELASTIC, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND PHONON DISPERSION OF Sb-BASED HEUSLER ALLOYS USING FIRST PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS(2024-10-23) AJAYI, KEHINDE DANIELABSTRACT Antimony-based Heusler alloys exhibit enhanced thermoelectric performance. These materialsoffer a promising route for efficient waste heat recovery and renewable energy harvesting,providing a sustainable energy conversion. This study investigated the structural, electronic,thermoelectric, elastic,thermodynamic properties, and phonon dispersion of four (4) Sb-basedHeusler alloys: CoHfSb, Li2NaSb, RhHfSb, and RuTaSb. Density Functional Theorycalculationswere performed using the Quantum Espresso package and Thermo_pw code. Theground state energies were calculated by optimizing Self Consistent Field (SCF) parameters. TheBand gaps were obtained from Non-Self Consistent Field (NSCF) band structures while thefigure of merit (ZT) was calculated using BoltzTraP software. Thermo_Pw employed the quasiharmonic model to calculate Poisson ratio, anisotropic values, elastic constants andthermodynamic properties. Phonon calculations were performed using the Debye model. Theminimum ground state energies were obtained at lattice constants 6.0674, 6.8603, 6.2995, and 6.1608 Å for CoHfSb, Li2NaSb, RhHfSb, and RuTaSb respectively.The band gapenergies were calculated to be 0.78, 0.49, 0.81, and 0.46 eV for CoHfSb, Li2NaSb,RhHfSb, and RuTaSb, respectively, indicating semiconducting behaviour. The Figure of Merit (ZT) values were remarkably high for all the alloys, with CoHfSb exhibiting ZT ≈ 0.74 (n- type) and ≈ 0.99 (p-type); Li2NaSb exhibiting ZT ≈ 0.99 (n-type) and ≈ 0.98 (p-type); RhHfSbexhibiting ZT ≈ 0.78 (n-type) and ≈ 0.99 (p-type); and RuTaSb exhibiting ZT ≈ 0.74 (n-type) and ≈ 0.98 (p-type). These highZT values showed a testament to the potential of these alloysin the field ofthermoelectricity and power generation. The Poisson ratio (υ) was calculated tobe0.25, 0.16, 0.30 and 0.32 for CoHfSb, Li2NaSb, RhHfSb and RuTaSb, respectively.Theanisotropic values of the alloys were calculated to be 0.74, 2.29, 1.16 and 1.04 for CoHfSb, Li2NaSb, RhHfSb and RuTaSb, respectively. Negative frequency was absent in the materials’phonon dispersion curves. The Valence Band maximums and Conduction Bandminimums do not align, indicating indirect band gaps. The high ZT values suggestedapplicability for thermoelectricity and powergeneration. Materials with υ > 0.26 were ductile, while the ones with υ < 0.26 were brittle. Thepositive values of the elastic constants confirmedthat the alloys are mechanically stable. The materials were said to beanisotropic, with the anisotropic values not equal to 1 (A ≠ 1). Their vibrational energyincreased with temperature whilevibrational free energy decreased monotonically.Theentropy increased with temperature due to thermal agitation which enhanced configurationaldisorder while the heat capacity became constant above 650 K. Phonon calculations revealed dynamic stability with separated optical and acoustic branches in the phonon dispersion curve in all the materials, providing confidence in their potential applications. This study foundvaluable insights into the properties of these Sb-based Heusler alloys, highlighting theirpotential for innovative applications in thermoelectricity and energy harvesting.Item IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES ON SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY USING GEOPHYSICAL & PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS IN MOSIMI &ITS ENVIRONS(2024-05-25) ADESANYA OLUWASEUN ADEBOLAABSTRACT Different forms of wastes are produced by industries many of which are released consciously or unconsciously into the water bodies in the environment. The aim of this research work is to quantify the impact of industrial wastes on both surface and groundwater quality using geophysical and physicochemical techniques. The research was carried out at Likosi/Mosimi along Sagamu – Ikorodu industrial axis. The region host cement factory, metal smelting and extraction Companies, petroleum depot of NNPC, agro allied industries etc. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used for geophysical investigation, hence eight (8) 2D lines (Constant Separation Transversal) each with six (6) movements and sixteen (16) VES points (Vertical Electrical Sounding) which span an approximate distance of 1.5 Km was used for the electrical resistivity investigation. Also five samples of surface water were collected from three rivers and two streams as well as five samples of groundwater were collected from threehand dug wells and two bore holes around the study area for physicochemical analysis. Two approaches used to estimate vulnerability of the groundwater are longitudinal conductance (S) method and AVI model (Aquifer Vulnerability Index) which uses two parameters namely thickness of overburden and hydraulic resistance (c) to estimate aquifer protective capacity. Longitudinal Conductance (S) method uses six ratings namely Excellent (S > 10), Very Good (S between 5 and 10), Good (S between 0.7 and 4.9), Moderate (S between 0.2 and 0.69), Weak (S between 0.1 and 0.19) and Poor (S < 0.1). AVI model uses five (5) vulnerability ratings namely extremely high (log c < 1), high (log c lie between 1 and 2), moderate (log c lie between 2 and 3), low (log c lie between 3 and 4) and extremely low (log c > 4) as a measure of an aquifer vulnerability. The result of longitudinal conductance method reveals that 75% of aquifer in the study area is poorly protected, 18.75% is moderately protected and 6.25% weakly protected but the AVI model shows that 68.75% of the aquifers in the area has moderate vulnerabilitywhile 31.25% has low vulnerability by virtue of geological formations. Physicochemical analysis revealed that 40% of surface water is acidic, 40% basic and 20% neutral while 80% of groundwater is acidic and 20% neutral. For both surface and groundwater, Sulphate, nitrate and chloride content are within safe zone of World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. Also all tested metallic ions which include Calcium, Magnesium, sodium, Manganese, lead, zinc and cooper are below maximum consumption limit of WHO except iron, which has measured range of 0 – 0.9mg/liter for surface water and 0 – 1.1mg/liter for groundwater against WHO maximum limit of 0.3mg/l.Sulphate and phosphate contents of all the samples ranges from 0 – 39.9 and 0 – 0.92 mg/l respectively which are within WHO limit of 150 and 250mg/l respectively. Nitrate and nitrite content of the samples ranges from 19.2 – 554.2mg/l and 6.7 – 96.3 mg/l respectively which far exceed 10mg/l and 1 mg/l limits of WHO. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of industrial waste on surface and groundwater quality around the study area is mild nevertheless industrial wastes should be processed prior to disposal to the environment considering iron, nitrite and nitrate content of the water bodies in the area.Item AN OPTIMIZED SERVERS' CONTROL AND CONGESTION AVOIDANCE MODEL FOR QUEUE NETWORK(2024-11-25) GBADEBO, ADEGBUYI DAVIDABSTRACT Researches on optimal control of servers in queue networks are enormous in literature but none of these had considered congestion control and servers' optimality concurrently. Since congestion control is a major factor in queue network management, the need to maintain a balance between servers' optimality and congestion control had become necessary. This study proposed a Fuzzy-Treap Based Servers' Optimal Control System (FTBSOCS) which is a dual model comprising of a fuzzy-based system and a Treap-based system implemented to minimize cost of servers' usage and customers’ losses due to congestion. Fuzzy logic was adopted to ensure optimal usage of available servers by applying a fuzzy rule-based method. This method was used to derive a fuzzified decision index which determined servers' deployment pattern. The Treap-based system was used to prevent network congestion by ensuring that customers arriving the queue network when it is saturated are managed to avoid dropping or starvation by transmitting them to a tree manager, from where they are re-transmitted for service upon the availability of an idle server. The FTBSOCS was benchmarked with Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), ANFIS-M/M/α and ANFIS-Treap. OMNeT++ was used as the simulation framework while dataset were randomly generated which served as input to the methods. With the inclusion of fuzzy logic in FTBSOCS, results indicated that average servers’ deployment was 21, 19, 15 and 16 for ANFIS, ANFIS-Treap, FTBSOCS and ANFIS-M/M/α respectively when there were 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network. This implied that the inclusion of fuzzy logic in FTBSOCS had minimized servers’ deployment. The average of percentage utilization of available servers was 21.6%, 18.4%, 17.2% and 15.3% for FTBSOCS, ANFIS, ANFIS-M/M/α and ANFIS-Treap respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network, indicating that FTBSOCS optimizes servers’ usage than the other methods. The average network throughput was 63.7Mbps, 63.4Mbps, 59.2 Mbps and 52.6 Mbps for ANFIS-M/M/α, FTBSOCS, ANFIS-Treap and ANFIS respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network. This shows that ANFIS-M/M/α had a comparative performance of < 0.5% over FTBSOCS while a comparative performance of 2.9% and 4.2% existed for FTBSOCS over ANFIS-Treap and ANFIS respectively. The average number of customers dropped was approximately 204kb, 185kb, 165kb and 17kb for ANFIS, ANFIS-Treap, ANFIS-M/M/α and FTBSOCS respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K and 48K customers in the network indicating that FTBSOCS had < 2% of the overall number of customers’ dropped. The average propagation delay was 29.5, 26.3, 13.4 and 13.3 nanoseconds for ANFIS-M/M/α, ANFIS-Treap, FTBSOCS and ANFIS respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network. This indicated that FTBSOCS had a slightly worse performance of < 0.3% to ANFIS while FTBSOCS had a comparative performance of about 10.8% and 13.4% over ANFISM/M/α and ANFIS-Treap respectively. With these results, it was concluded that FTBSOCS was more optimal in the control of servers and congestion in queue network.Item STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION AIRBORNE MAGNETIC DATA OVER ILORIN AND ITS ENVIRONS, NIGERIA(2025-06-25) AWE QUDUS OLUWADAMILAREABSTRACT The use of derivative filtering, analytic signal transformation, Euler deconvolution, and upward continuation in magnetic data analysis has gained significant attention in geophysical studies, especially for subsurface structural mapping. Ilorin and its environs, the study area, are part of the Nigerian Basement Complex known for complex tectonic deformation. Different geophysical approaches have been applied in the past for interpreting airborne magnetic data in the region, but integrated multi-filter techniques remain less explored. The objectives of this work are to (i) To Identify subsurface structural features. (ii) Analyzing magnetic anomalies to infer geological structures and tectonic settings. (iii) Evaluate the depth, orientation, and geometry of magnetic sources. (iv) Map lineaments and structural intersections relevant to mineral exploration and groundwater targeting. The main datasets used include high-resolution total magnetic intensity grids and geological base maps obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency. In this study, first vertical derivative (FVD), total horizontal gradient (THG), tilt derivative (TDR), and analytic signal (AS) filters were applied, while Euler deconvolution was used to estimate depth solutions and structural indices. Upward continuation was conducted at 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and 2000 m to separate shallow and deep magnetic contributions. The results revealed prominent NE–SW trending faults, shear zones, basement highs, and depressions consistent with Pan-African structural trends. Lineament and skeleton vector maps showed dense networks of intersecting structures, while upward continuation confirmed persistent deep crustal anomalies. The analytic signal delineated magnetic source boundaries, and Euler solutions highlighted deeply rooted intrusive bodies and fault blocks. This study demonstrates that integrated derivative filtering and depth estimation techniques are effective tools for mapping tectonic complexity and guiding exploration strategies within Ilorin and its environs.Item IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES ON SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY USING GEOPHYSICAL & PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS IN MOSIMI & ITS ENVIRONS(2024-05-25) ADESANYA OLUWASEUN ADEBOLAABSTRACT Different forms of wastes are produced by industries many of which are released consciously or unconsciously into the water bodies in the environment. The aim of this research work is to quantify the impact of industrial wastes on both surface and groundwater quality using geophysical and physicochemical techniques. The research was carried out at Likosi/Mosimi along Sagamu – Ikorodu industrial axis. The region host cement factory, metal smelting and extraction Companies, petroleum depot of NNPC, agro allied industries etc. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used for geophysical investigation, hence eight (8) 2D lines (Constant Separation Transversal) each with six (6) movements and sixteen (16) VES points (Vertical Electrical Sounding) which span an approximate distance of 1.5 Km was used for the electrical resistivity investigation. Also five samples of surface water were collected from three rivers and two streams as well as five samples of groundwater were collected from three hand dug wells and two bore holes around the study area for physicochemical analysis. Two approaches used to estimate vulnerability of the groundwater are longitudinal conductance (S) method and AVI model (Aquifer Vulnerability Index) which uses two parameters namely thickness of overburden and hydraulic resistance (c) to estimate aquifer protective capacity. Longitudinal Conductance (S) method uses six ratings namely Excellent (S > 10), Very Good (S between 5 and 10), Good (S between 0.7 and 4.9), Moderate (S between 0.2 and 0.69), Weak (S between 0.1 and 0.19) and Poor (S < 0.1). AVI model uses five (5) vulnerability ratings namely extremely high (log c < 1), high (log c lie between 1 and 2), moderate (log c lie between 2 and 3), low (log c lie between 3 and 4) and extremely low (log c > 4) as a measure of an aquifer vulnerability. The result of longitudinal conductance method reveals that 75% of aquifer in the study area is poorly protected, 18.75% is moderately protected and 6.25% weakly protected but the AVI model shows that 68.75% of the aquifers in the area has moderate vulnerability while 31.25% has low vulnerability by virtue of geological formations. Physicochemical analysis revealed that 40% of surface water is acidic, 40% basic and 20% neutral while 80% of groundwater is acidic and 20% neutral. For both surface and groundwater, Sulphate, nitrate and chloride content are within safe zone of World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. Also all tested metallic ions which include Calcium, Magnesium, sodium, Manganese, lead, zinc and cooper are below maximum consumption limit of WHO except iron, which has measured range of 0 – 0.9 mg/liter for surface water and 0 – 1.1mg/liter for groundwater against WHO maximum limit of 0.3 mg/l. Sulphate and phosphate contents of all the samples ranges from 0 – 39.9 and 0 – 0.92 mg/l respectively which are within WHO limit of 150 and 250mg/l respectively. Nitrate and nitrite content of the samples ranges from 19.2 – 554.2 mg/l and 6.7 – 96.3 mg/l respectively which far exceed 10mg/l and 1 mg/l limits of WHO. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of industrial waste on surface and groundwater quality around the study area is mild nevertheless industrial wastes should be processed prior to disposal to the environment considering iron, nitrite and nitrate content of the water bodies in the area.Item CONFIGURATION OF THE BASEMENT TOPOGRAPHY OF ABEOKUTA METROPOLIS USING INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL METHODS AND MULTI CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS (MCDA) FOR GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION(2023-10-30) EDUNJOBI, HAZEEZ OWOLABIABSTRACT A widely distributed and large source of fresh water is groundwater, being a renewable natural source with insubstantial evaporation loss, wide distribution and low risk of contamination, playing very vital roles in the environment and human health. In Abeokuta Metropolis where pipe-borne water is out of reach of many people, groundwater becomes the major source of water supply and its exploration in a basement terrain is faced with complex decisions because of its contradictory alternatives. The research aims to evaluate the basement topography of Abeokuta Metropolis to provide a better understanding of the geological features and hydrological indices that support the flow and distribution of groundwater as well as the accumulation of economic mineral deposits. The Multi Criteria Decision Analysis via Analytic Hierarchy Process (MCDA-AHP) is a mathematical based technique employed to correctly predict groundwater by scaling priorities of influencing parameters to make informed economic decisions. Six groundwater influencing factors; coefficient of anisotropy, lineament density, overburden thickness, aquifer thickness, aquifer resistivity and lithology were integrated to predict groundwater potentials of Odeda, Obafemi Owode, Abeokuta North and Abeokuta South Local Government Areas (LGAs). These parameters were derived from the processing, analysis and interpretation of high resolution aeromagnetic and electrical resistivity data over the study area. The aeromagnetic data was sourced from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) while the electrical resistivity data was acquired in situ, through Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique; at a spacing interval of 1000 ± 100 m across parts of the LGAs, representing the research location. Qualitative interpretation of high resolution aeromagnetic data revealed magnetic responses ranging from high-moderate-low signatures which characterized the geology of the study area into Basement, transition and sedimentary zones. Continuous filtering of aeromagnetic maps through two-dimensional fast Fourier transform further delineated various geologic boundaries of the magnetic field. Quantitative interpretations were applied to map the depth to magnetic sources and evaluate subsurface linear structures referred to as lineaments. Spectral Analysis Technique (SAT), Source Parameters Imaging (SPI) and 3D Euler deconvolution method revealed depth range of 99-340, 133-294 and 150-250 m respectively. These depth results confirmed the presence of near surface intrusive rock minerals like kaolin, feldspar, quartzite, among others. Evaluation of lineaments by CET grid analysis showed the study area to be composed of linear structures predicted to be faults, cracks, fractures, voids and cracks, and their NE-SW orientation is in conformity with the Pan African Orogeny. Interpretation of one hundred and forty four VES data aided computations of hydrogeological parameters and mapping of lithological units. Lateritic sequence, sandstones, clay, continental sands, kaolin deposits and Basement rocks that are granitic or magmatic in nature are the lithological units mapped. The integration of all the groundwater influencing factors using GIS produced a model map that is graded into very low, low, high and very high potentials. Evaluation of the basement topography has demonstrated strong reliability in groundwater potential modelling and it is recommended that the results of this research should be adopted as an information framework in making wise investments in Abeokuta Metropolis.