College of Environmental Resources Management

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    HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTOF DEAVY METALS IN AIR-CONDITIONER FILTER DUST FROM OFFICE ENVIRONMENTAT THE STATE SECRETARIAT,ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-07-19) ABAJO, WASIU ARAMIDE
    ABSTRACT indoor actuality Significant environmental health conked, as individuals increasingly spend more time indoors: at homes, offices, and schools, making use of air conditioners. Filtered dust in air conditioners can act as a reservoir for heavy metals, which are toxic pollutants that can accumulate in such environments, posing health risks to occupants. This study assessed the health risk of heavy metals in air-conditioner filtered dust in office environment at the State Secretariat, OkeMosan, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of eighty air conditioner filters were sampled and collected from sixteen Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs). Samples were digested using perchloric acid and concentrated intricacy after which they were analyzed foresight heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe ,and Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Health risks were evaluated using Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI),and Lifetime Cancer Risk(LCR). The results showed that the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Ni in the air conditioner filter dustwere;7.609z0.40,2.358z0.18,0.450 0.03,3.473z0.21, 1.284z0.16, 7.469*0.35 and 2.436z0.08 mg/kg, respectively, while Co has mean concentration below the detection limit of the analytical instrument. Heavy metal concentrations of air conditioner filter dust in this study were lower than values from cities around the world. The highest condensations were observed in filters from the air conditioners in Teaching Service Commission (Fe: 12.092z0.14 and Ni: 4.796z0.13 mg/kg), Hospital Management Board (Pb: 10.2l1z0.08 mg/kg),Ogun State House of Assembly Service Commission(MN: 0.865z0.05 mg/kg) and Hospital Management Board (Ni: 4.509z0.17 mg/kg) while relatively lower concentrations were observed at Ogun State Planning and Development Authority (MN: 0.275z0.04mg/kg),Ministry of Rural Development(Ni:2.436z0.08mg/kg),and Ogun State Environmental Protection Agency((Fe:4.228z0.09,Pb:2.339z0.18,Zn:2.187z0.17,Cu: 0.598z0.07,andCr:1.1813z0.08mg/kg). The HQ values for different exposure path ways in decreased in the order of dermal>ingestion>inhalation. Fahad the highest value of HI (1.37E-02) and therefore presented the highest non-carcinogenic risk. In all sampling points, HQ and HI values were lower than the acceptable limit of 1.00, indicating non-carcinogenic health effect. Cancer risk value of Cr was same as that of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) lower limit of 1 x 106, indicating that prolong exposure may result in minimal health effect. In addition, LCR values of other metals were below the USEPA limit of1 x106 to 10* showing no carcinogenic risk. The study concluded that heavy metal concentrations in the air-conditioner filter dust were relatively low with respect to the sampled offices.
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    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DATE PALM FRUIT MARKETING IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA NIGERIA
    (2025-09-28) ABDULLAHI, TUNDE ABDULMALIX
    ABSTRACT Despite the date palm's historical significance and nutritional value, its market values and potential remain underexplored in Nigeria due to varying circumstances that necessitate this study. This study investigated the economic potential of date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) marketing in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. In this study, information on socio-economic, nutritional and medicinal uses of date palm fruit was gathered from 31 wholesalers, 36 retailers, and 40 hawkers across Abuja's six area councils using copies of a questionnaire. Socio-economic profiles, sales volumes, pricing trends, and market challenges were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cost and Return Analysis and regression models. The proximate analysis method was used to determine the nutrient content. The demographic profile indicated that 80.6% of marketers were males, with 78% having formal education, 42% completed secondary education, and 26% attended tertiary institutions. The average household size was six persons, with 63.3% of respondents indicating their primary occupation as date palm trading. The mineral content analysis showed that date palm fruits are highly nutritious, providing 277 Kcal/100g, 6.7g fiber, and essential minerals as potassium (696 mg/100g), magnesium (54 mg/100g), and calcium (64 mg/100g) highlighting their importance for public health and nutrition. Economically, date palm marketing demonstrated varying profitability. Wholesalers in Kwali reported the highest Return Per Capital Invested (RPCI) at 31.51%, with a profit margin of 23.96%, followed by retailers with an RPCI of 18.72%. In contrast, hawkers in Abaji recorded the lowest RPCI at 2.89% and a minimal profit margin of 2.78%. Peak sales occurred during Ramadan period, with demand increasing by over 50%, while lean periods reduced revenue, contributing to post-harvest losses exceeding 20% of total supply. Key iv challenges were limited access to capital (100% of marketers), pest infestations (85%), and inadequate storage facilities (63.75%), which exacerbated spoilage rates and financial losses. Poor road infrastructure increased transportation costs by up to 15%, further constraining profitability. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) between seasonal trends, market type, and sales volumes, underscoring the need for interventions tailored to market dynamics. This study showed that, the date palm fruit trade is male dominated, with traders relying on practical experience and traditional knowledge due to low levels of formal education. Seasonality significantly influenced market dynamics, with peak sales during Ramadan and the dry season, while profitability is shaped by scale, demand fluctuations, capital constraints, and storage challenges. Nutritionally, date palm fruits are rich in carbohydrates and essential minerals but should be complemented with other foods due to their low protein content and lack of Vitamin C. Furthermore, this study established the medicinal value of dates, particularly in managing health conditions related to mineral deficiencies. This study concluded that, despite the small-scale nature of most trading operations, particularly among hawkers, the industry remains profitable, especially during peak sales periods.
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    SEASG LITYMDVOLATILITYOF PRICES O£FRESH FRUITS IN SOUTHWESTNIGERIA
    (2021-09-11) ADENIYI OmotumiTaiwoA
    ABSTRACT Seasonality ofagricultural commodities andtheir consequentprice volatility isinevitable and problematic if enoi nous and unpredictable.This study assessed produce seasonality and price volatility ofselected fresh fruits inmarkets intheSouthwest zone of Nigeria. A multistagesamplingprocedurewasusedtoselectrespondentsfromAla,Ifon,Ilara, Odopetu,Akesan,Araromi,Bodija,andOdo-Obamarketsinthestudyarea.Monthly retail prices ofplantain, banana, pineapple, and orange, from January 2003 to December 2015, wereobtainedfromOiiJoandOyoStates'AgriculturalDevelopmentProgram offices. Data were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics (mean and percentages), Gini Coefficient, AugmentedDickeyFNler(ADF),PhillipPerron(PP)analysis,Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin(KPSS),GeneralizedAutoRegressiveConditionalHeteroscedasticity (GARCH)andthe, Au*.t›RegressiveConditionalHeteroscedasticity (ARCH).Findings revealedthatthere were morefemale(74.2%) thanmale(25.8%) marketersintheselected marketsand92.8% of“be respondentswere married.Gini coefficientsshowedthat the ruralpineapple tmde wasthenearest tomonopolymarket (GR=0.73)whiletheurban plantainmarketwastheclosesttoperfectcompetition(G=0.17).Banana(GR—0.66,Gu =0.58)andorange(Ga=0.62,Gu=0.51)marketsreflectedamoderateoligopolysituation withahigh(XY=0.417)and(XY=0.381)degree ofsellerinequalityandmarket concentrationrespectively.Fromthe two-tailedt-testofdifferenceoftwoat te0.05,the mean retail prices in the urban markets (N102.73 -N1,161.36) were higher (p<0.05) than inrural markets (N82.80 -H715.91). ADF unit roots analysis revealedthat prices of the selectedfreshfruitsPit)werestationary(ADF=-12.4456to-6.4380)atlevelsPitI(0) andADF=-16.8126 to-8.6026) attheirfirstdiffereiices and P;iI(1), p<0.05. ThePhillip Perronunitrootanalysisrevealedthatpricesofallthefreshfruit(P;i)werestationary(PP =-12.4465to-6.499270)atlevelsP;-I(0)and(PP=-147.6859to-19.73897)andattheir firstdifferencesandkgI(1),(p<0.05).Johansen'sTraceand Maximum Eigenvaluefor pricesatP;-I(1)withr<1revealedthatthemarketshadastablelong-runrelationship (p<0.05).manger Casualty testshowed unidirectionalcausality (p=0.9486) among most selected marketpairsacrosstheStates.Rural marketsoccupied theleadership position for all theprices (R2<â)thereby informing prices inthe urban markets: Vector Error CorrectionModelestimationshowedahigh(R2= 0.720473)degreeoffitforonlyrural bananamarketaccountingfor72.0%ofthevariationintheshort-runpricechange(p<0.01) with (13.0%) price shocks (of rural banana market) corrected immediately.ARCH (o) = (0.909672 to -0.054322) and GARCH (§) = (0.991986 to -0.011384) coefficients for all the fresh fruit price series indicated the persistence of volatility shocks. Furthermore, the average rural (H = 23.5013) fresh fruit price volatility was highly influenced(72.0%) by those of the previous months and average urban (A= 35.2 594) fresh fruit price volatility was highly influenced (99.0%) by that of the earlier months. In conclusion, the prices of theselectedgreenfruitsgenerallyfacedaveryhighlevelofpricevolatility.Market reforms should focus on the rural (lead) markets to increase marketing efficiency.
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    ANALYSIS OF CHILDOOD PHARYNGTIS MORBIDITY, INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND DOMESTIC PRACTICES IN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL AREAS OF IWO TOWN NIGERIA
    (2025-06-11) OKUNOLA, abidemi yemi
    ABSTRACT Childhood respiratory diseases arecaused bypathogensbutcommonly induced by exposuretoair pollutants.This studyexaminedthe contributionof indoorair qualityand domesticpractices to themorbidity ofchildhood pharyngitisinIwotown, Southwest Nigeria. Atotalofeightresidential (four modern and four traditional) areas were sampled using stratified random method. One hundred and twenty households were randomly sampled across the eight residential areas for indoor air quality monitoring. Aeroqual gas analyzer (S-300) was used to measure the level of indoorairpollutants[particulatematter(PMO.andPMto),carbon monoxide(CO),methane(CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NOz), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), sulphur dioxide (SOz) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] in indoorenvironment. Clinicalcasesofpharyngitis reportedbypatients aged 0 — 15 years (2019 — 2023) in Iwo were collected from the General Hospital. Additionally, 120 copies of structured questionnaire were administered randomly to children and care-giver in the sampled households to obtain information on housing condition, energy use, manifestation and management of pharyngitis. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools (SPSS 23.0). Results obtained indicated that the mean concentrationsof indoor air quality across the residential areas ranged between 18.45z9.20 to 44.04+24.23 pg/m(PMz.s), 34.38z27.03to82.42z32.79qg/m3(PMie),50.8117.26to124.30+137.11mg/m3(CO), 44.54z37.76to159.96+197.78mg/m3(CHP,),0.l5z0.07to0.29z0.06IIlg/m(NOz),0.09+0.13to 0.28z0.29mg/m’(H2S),0.04z0.07to0.l2A0.12mg/m^(SO2),and195.30z75.55to 453.19z683.53qg/m3 (VOCs). There were significant (p<0.05) spatial variations in the levels of the selected pollutants except NO2. Exceedances were observed in the concentrations of indoor PM2.5CO, NO2, SO2 and VOCs in all sampled areas compared to the WHO limits. The concentrationsofCHPandPMloexceededtheacceptablelimitsin75—87%oftheareas.Similarly, temporal variations(p < 0.05) were observedinthe levels of PMio (four residentialareas), PM2.5 (threeareas),COandNO2(twoareas),H2SandVOCs(oneareaeach).PMzsandPMiohad significant (p <0.05) positive correlation with CO (r = 0.278 — 0.400), CN4 (8' 0.184),SO2(r= 0.183 — 0.244) and VOC(r = 0.220 — 0.293).Dustre-suspension, fossil fuel emission, biomass fuelcombustionanddecompositionoforganicmatterwereidentifiedasmajorsourcesof pollutants. The distributionof pharyngitis casesshowed higher prevalence among children aged 0 5years(74.1%),andmales(51.5%).ThehotspotsofcasesincludedOjaale(12.0%),Feesu (10.0%), andPanada(9.6%) inthestudylocation.Thepeakofpharyngitis was observed inJanuary (200 cases) followedbyDecember(192 cases) from2019— 2023. Use of biomassfuel wasthe majorindependentpredictorofpharyngitiswithsignificantoddratio(OR=4.32,p<0.05), followedby living inmudhouses (OR= 3.09) and rooms with more than three occupants(OR = 2.66).Thisstudyrevealedthat,poorairqualityarisingfrombiomass fueluseintraditionalhouses aggravatedpharyngitismorbidityamongchildreninthestudyarea.
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    DIETARY INCLUSION OF SCENT LEAF (Ocimum gratissimum) AND DRIED CITRUS PEEL (Citrus sinensis) AS ANTI-OXIDANTS TO ALLEVIATE TRANSPORT STRESS IN JUVENILE Clarias gariepinus
    (2025-07-09) AMINU, RUTH OLUWASEYI
    ABSTRACT Fish transportation is a routine activity in aquaculture which may likely induce physiological stress due to handling, crowding, and fluctuating water quality.Oxidative stress is an oxidative imbalance caused by disability to detoxify free radicals during cellular metabolic activity. In preventing these oxidations, antioxidants are important. Synthetic antioxidants are commonly used to mitigate oxidative stress but natural antioxidants may offer a safer, more sustainable option for enriching immunity and improving fish survival. This study assessed the effect ofdried scent leaf (SL) and citrus peel (CP) as naturalsources of antioxidants to alleviateoxidative stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Nine iso-nitrogenous (40% CP) diets were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish which contained varied percentages; 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 SL and CP with 0 as the control diets for eight weeks. Two hundred and seventy C. gariepinus juveniles (6.42 ± 0.05g) were randomly distributed into nine dietary treatments. The growth and survival rate, hematology, histopathology of the gills, cortisol, antioxidant enzyme and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of C. gariepinus subjected to simulated transportation by road were assessed. Data obtained were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using IBM SPSS (version 25), turkey post-hoc test and R software. The results of the proximate analysis showed that fish fed with SL 10% and CP 7.5% had the highest crude protein(40.16±0.28, 40.61±0.29) respectively, while the highest fibre content were recorded in feed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP (5.77±0.10, 5.27±0.00) respectively. The highest mean weight gain (MWG) (2.79 ± 0.49g; 4.41 ± 0.99g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.49 ± 0.23g; 2.48 ± 0.46g), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), (3.74 ±0.58g; 6.20 ± 1.17g) were recorded in fish fed with 10% SL and 10% CP, respectively while the lowest FCR (1.28 ± 0.23g), SGR (0.53 ± 0.09g), and PER (3.20 ± 0.57g) were observed in fish fed with the control diets. Optimum survival was observed in fish fed with 7.5% SL, 2.5% CP and 10% CP. Fish fed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP had an increased packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) values compared to other treatments.Histopathologicalexaminations of the gills of fish revealed mild alterations in the 2.5% SL, 5.0% SL and 2.5% CP group.Cortisol levels did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) before and after transportation in fish fed with 7.5% SL and 5.0% CP diets.The antioxidant enzymes activities; superoxide dismutase (0.34 ± 0.07 µ/L), and catalase (0.44 ± 0.05 µ/L) of fish fed 10% SL increased significantly (p<0.05), and the malondialdehyde level of the fish fed with 10% SL (0.18 ± 0.02µ/LE-08 ) and 5.0% CP (0.81 ± 0.01µ/LE-08)decreased significantly (p<0.05)after transportation stress compared to the fish fed the control diets. In Conclusion, the dietary inclusion levels of 5% - 10% SL and 5% - 7.5%CP served as effective antioxidantsin alleviating transport stress in C. gariepinus juveniles.
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    RESPONSE OF GUINEA FOWL TO IN OVO ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID) ON DIFFERENT DAYS OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
    (2025-06-23) OLALEYE, DOLAPO ESTHER
    ABSTRACT The growing interest in guinea fowl as a hardy and economically valuable poultry specie informed the search for alternatives to enhance its growth performance. This study investigated the effect of in ovo injection of Vitamin B9 at different days (21, 23 and 25) of embryonic development on guinea fowl’s hatching traits, post-hatch growth performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, and carcass characteristics. A total of 180 hatching eggs of helmeted guinea fowl were incubated for 28 days. After candling on day 12, only 112 eggs were fertileand were randomly allotted to four groups: the control group (non-injected group), in ovo 1 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 21), in ovo 3 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 23) and in ovo 5 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 25). Hatching traits were assessed on day 0. Afterwards, body weight and feed intake were evaluated weekly. Two birds/replicate were slaughtered and assessed for lymphoid organs and intestinal morphometry for blood profile, samples were collected for haematological parameters, serum biochemical indices and anti-oxidant status (Superoxide dismutase-SOD, Malondialdehyde-MDA, Glutathione-GSH and Catalase glutathione-CAT) analysis on day 7 and 70. Data collected were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance. The control group had the highest hatchability percentage (94.40%) followed by hatching eggs from in ovo 1 group (72.20%). The egg weight, chick weight and chick to egg ratio were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the days of injection. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin (Hb) level of the guinea fowl were significantly (p<0.05) influenced at day 7 of age. Non-injected group for both PCV (41 %) and Hb (13.70 g/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values than all injected groups while keets from in ovo 5 had significantly lowest value of PCV (31 %) and Hb (10.67 g/dl).The blood antioxidant status on days 23 and 25 had significantly (p<0.05) highest concentration of MDA while SOD and CAT were significantly (p < 0.05) highest in keets from in ovo 1 eggs. Duodenal histomorphometry at hatch was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by treatment. Villus height was highest in keets from eggs injected on days 21 (1.47 µm) and in ovo 5 eggs (1.45 µm). In addition, the proportions of jejunum and ileum were highest (p<0.05) at day 7 in keets from in ovo 3. The study concluded that for an enhanced growth performance and gut development in guinea fowl, in ovo injection of 0.05ml folic acid (vitamin B9) in their fertile eggs on either day 21 or day 25 of embryonic development showed better effect.
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    GROWTH RESPONSE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, AND HEALTH PARAMETERS OF Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF SOAKED AND FERMENTED Enterolobiumcyclocarpum LEAF
    (2025-05-20) ABUBAKAR IBRAHIM TOYIN
    ABSTRACT High cost of conventional dietary protein ingredients sources such as soybean meal, in aquafeed production necessitates the exploration of cost-effective and locally available alternatives with limited relevance in human diet. This study investigated the performance, nutrient utilization and health of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed diets with graded (0, 10, 20, and 30%) levels of soaked and fermented Enterolobiumcyclocarpum leaf meal. Seven isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isoenergetic (314kcal) diets were formulated,the control diet without either meal and designated as TS1–TS3 (10%, 20%, 30% SEcLM) and TF1–TF3 (10%, 20%, 30% FEcLM). The feeds were fed to triplicate groups of fish at 3% body weight daily for eight weeks. Growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio and apparent protein digestibility (APD) parameters were monitored weekly. Blood samples were collected from each group for haematology and blood chemistry analyses, while the liver and mid gut were observed for histopathological studies. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that fish fed TF2 (20% FEcLM) and TF3 (30% FEcLM) achieved superior growth compared to the control. Final body weight for TF3 (13.85 g) and TF2 (13.12 g) significantly exceeded that of the control group (12.42 g). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was highest in TF3 (2.09%/day), compared to 1.91%/day in the control. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) also improved in TF3 (1.54), over the group fed the control (1.70). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) peaked in the group of fish fedTF3 (2.67), also surpassing the control diet (2.40). These results suggest that fermentation enhanced the nutritional quality of E. cyclocarpum leaves, likely by reducing anti-nutritional factors, improving nutrient value and nutrient availability. Haematological parameters remained within normal physiological ranges, indicating no adverse health effects. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) was highest in TF3 (31.3%) and TF2 (30.6%), compared to the control (27.6%). Haemoglobin concentration also followed this trend, with TF3 and TF2 recording 7.8 g/dl and 7.6 g/dl, respectively, versus 6.9 g/dl in the control group. Red Blood Cell (RBC) counts were 2.64 ×10¹²/L and 2.51 ×10¹²/L in TF3 and TF2, respectively, which were higher than the control (2.21 ×10¹²/L). White Blood Cell (WBC) levels remained stable across treatments, suggesting no immunological stress. Histological examination revealed no significant lesions in the liver and intestinal tissues of fish fed diets up to 20% FEcLM, though mild hepatocellular atrophy and enterocyte degeneration were observed at 30% inclusion in the soaked groups. Gut histomorphometry supported better nutrient absorption in the fermented groups, as evidenced by higher villi height and crypt depth. In conclusion, E. cyclocarpum leaf meal, particularly when fermented, can replace soybean meal in C. gariepinus diets at levels up to 30% without compromising growth or health.