College of Environmental Resources Management

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    HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTOF DEAVY METALS IN AIR-CONDITIONER FILTER DUST FROM OFFICE ENVIRONMENTAT THE STATE SECRETARIAT,ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-07-19) ABAJO, WASIU ARAMIDE
    ABSTRACT indoor actuality Significant environmental health conked, as individuals increasingly spend more time indoors: at homes, offices, and schools, making use of air conditioners. Filtered dust in air conditioners can act as a reservoir for heavy metals, which are toxic pollutants that can accumulate in such environments, posing health risks to occupants. This study assessed the health risk of heavy metals in air-conditioner filtered dust in office environment at the State Secretariat, OkeMosan, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of eighty air conditioner filters were sampled and collected from sixteen Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs). Samples were digested using perchloric acid and concentrated intricacy after which they were analyzed foresight heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe ,and Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Health risks were evaluated using Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI),and Lifetime Cancer Risk(LCR). The results showed that the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Ni in the air conditioner filter dustwere;7.609z0.40,2.358z0.18,0.450 0.03,3.473z0.21, 1.284z0.16, 7.469*0.35 and 2.436z0.08 mg/kg, respectively, while Co has mean concentration below the detection limit of the analytical instrument. Heavy metal concentrations of air conditioner filter dust in this study were lower than values from cities around the world. The highest condensations were observed in filters from the air conditioners in Teaching Service Commission (Fe: 12.092z0.14 and Ni: 4.796z0.13 mg/kg), Hospital Management Board (Pb: 10.2l1z0.08 mg/kg),Ogun State House of Assembly Service Commission(MN: 0.865z0.05 mg/kg) and Hospital Management Board (Ni: 4.509z0.17 mg/kg) while relatively lower concentrations were observed at Ogun State Planning and Development Authority (MN: 0.275z0.04mg/kg),Ministry of Rural Development(Ni:2.436z0.08mg/kg),and Ogun State Environmental Protection Agency((Fe:4.228z0.09,Pb:2.339z0.18,Zn:2.187z0.17,Cu: 0.598z0.07,andCr:1.1813z0.08mg/kg). The HQ values for different exposure path ways in decreased in the order of dermal>ingestion>inhalation. Fahad the highest value of HI (1.37E-02) and therefore presented the highest non-carcinogenic risk. In all sampling points, HQ and HI values were lower than the acceptable limit of 1.00, indicating non-carcinogenic health effect. Cancer risk value of Cr was same as that of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) lower limit of 1 x 106, indicating that prolong exposure may result in minimal health effect. In addition, LCR values of other metals were below the USEPA limit of1 x106 to 10* showing no carcinogenic risk. The study concluded that heavy metal concentrations in the air-conditioner filter dust were relatively low with respect to the sampled offices.
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    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DATE PALM FRUIT MARKETING IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA NIGERIA
    (2025-09-28) ABDULLAHI, TUNDE ABDULMALIX
    ABSTRACT Despite the date palm's historical significance and nutritional value, its market values and potential remain underexplored in Nigeria due to varying circumstances that necessitate this study. This study investigated the economic potential of date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) marketing in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. In this study, information on socio-economic, nutritional and medicinal uses of date palm fruit was gathered from 31 wholesalers, 36 retailers, and 40 hawkers across Abuja's six area councils using copies of a questionnaire. Socio-economic profiles, sales volumes, pricing trends, and market challenges were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cost and Return Analysis and regression models. The proximate analysis method was used to determine the nutrient content. The demographic profile indicated that 80.6% of marketers were males, with 78% having formal education, 42% completed secondary education, and 26% attended tertiary institutions. The average household size was six persons, with 63.3% of respondents indicating their primary occupation as date palm trading. The mineral content analysis showed that date palm fruits are highly nutritious, providing 277 Kcal/100g, 6.7g fiber, and essential minerals as potassium (696 mg/100g), magnesium (54 mg/100g), and calcium (64 mg/100g) highlighting their importance for public health and nutrition. Economically, date palm marketing demonstrated varying profitability. Wholesalers in Kwali reported the highest Return Per Capital Invested (RPCI) at 31.51%, with a profit margin of 23.96%, followed by retailers with an RPCI of 18.72%. In contrast, hawkers in Abaji recorded the lowest RPCI at 2.89% and a minimal profit margin of 2.78%. Peak sales occurred during Ramadan period, with demand increasing by over 50%, while lean periods reduced revenue, contributing to post-harvest losses exceeding 20% of total supply. Key iv challenges were limited access to capital (100% of marketers), pest infestations (85%), and inadequate storage facilities (63.75%), which exacerbated spoilage rates and financial losses. Poor road infrastructure increased transportation costs by up to 15%, further constraining profitability. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) between seasonal trends, market type, and sales volumes, underscoring the need for interventions tailored to market dynamics. This study showed that, the date palm fruit trade is male dominated, with traders relying on practical experience and traditional knowledge due to low levels of formal education. Seasonality significantly influenced market dynamics, with peak sales during Ramadan and the dry season, while profitability is shaped by scale, demand fluctuations, capital constraints, and storage challenges. Nutritionally, date palm fruits are rich in carbohydrates and essential minerals but should be complemented with other foods due to their low protein content and lack of Vitamin C. Furthermore, this study established the medicinal value of dates, particularly in managing health conditions related to mineral deficiencies. This study concluded that, despite the small-scale nature of most trading operations, particularly among hawkers, the industry remains profitable, especially during peak sales periods.
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    SEASG LITYMDVOLATILITYOF PRICES O£FRESH FRUITS IN SOUTHWESTNIGERIA
    (2021-09-11) ADENIYI OmotumiTaiwoA
    ABSTRACT Seasonality ofagricultural commodities andtheir consequentprice volatility isinevitable and problematic if enoi nous and unpredictable.This study assessed produce seasonality and price volatility ofselected fresh fruits inmarkets intheSouthwest zone of Nigeria. A multistagesamplingprocedurewasusedtoselectrespondentsfromAla,Ifon,Ilara, Odopetu,Akesan,Araromi,Bodija,andOdo-Obamarketsinthestudyarea.Monthly retail prices ofplantain, banana, pineapple, and orange, from January 2003 to December 2015, wereobtainedfromOiiJoandOyoStates'AgriculturalDevelopmentProgram offices. Data were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics (mean and percentages), Gini Coefficient, AugmentedDickeyFNler(ADF),PhillipPerron(PP)analysis,Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin(KPSS),GeneralizedAutoRegressiveConditionalHeteroscedasticity (GARCH)andthe, Au*.t›RegressiveConditionalHeteroscedasticity (ARCH).Findings revealedthatthere were morefemale(74.2%) thanmale(25.8%) marketersintheselected marketsand92.8% of“be respondentswere married.Gini coefficientsshowedthat the ruralpineapple tmde wasthenearest tomonopolymarket (GR=0.73)whiletheurban plantainmarketwastheclosesttoperfectcompetition(G=0.17).Banana(GR—0.66,Gu =0.58)andorange(Ga=0.62,Gu=0.51)marketsreflectedamoderateoligopolysituation withahigh(XY=0.417)and(XY=0.381)degree ofsellerinequalityandmarket concentrationrespectively.Fromthe two-tailedt-testofdifferenceoftwoat te0.05,the mean retail prices in the urban markets (N102.73 -N1,161.36) were higher (p<0.05) than inrural markets (N82.80 -H715.91). ADF unit roots analysis revealedthat prices of the selectedfreshfruitsPit)werestationary(ADF=-12.4456to-6.4380)atlevelsPitI(0) andADF=-16.8126 to-8.6026) attheirfirstdiffereiices and P;iI(1), p<0.05. ThePhillip Perronunitrootanalysisrevealedthatpricesofallthefreshfruit(P;i)werestationary(PP =-12.4465to-6.499270)atlevelsP;-I(0)and(PP=-147.6859to-19.73897)andattheir firstdifferencesandkgI(1),(p<0.05).Johansen'sTraceand Maximum Eigenvaluefor pricesatP;-I(1)withr<1revealedthatthemarketshadastablelong-runrelationship (p<0.05).manger Casualty testshowed unidirectionalcausality (p=0.9486) among most selected marketpairsacrosstheStates.Rural marketsoccupied theleadership position for all theprices (R2<â)thereby informing prices inthe urban markets: Vector Error CorrectionModelestimationshowedahigh(R2= 0.720473)degreeoffitforonlyrural bananamarketaccountingfor72.0%ofthevariationintheshort-runpricechange(p<0.01) with (13.0%) price shocks (of rural banana market) corrected immediately.ARCH (o) = (0.909672 to -0.054322) and GARCH (§) = (0.991986 to -0.011384) coefficients for all the fresh fruit price series indicated the persistence of volatility shocks. Furthermore, the average rural (H = 23.5013) fresh fruit price volatility was highly influenced(72.0%) by those of the previous months and average urban (A= 35.2 594) fresh fruit price volatility was highly influenced (99.0%) by that of the earlier months. In conclusion, the prices of theselectedgreenfruitsgenerallyfacedaveryhighlevelofpricevolatility.Market reforms should focus on the rural (lead) markets to increase marketing efficiency.
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    ANALYSIS OF CHILDOOD PHARYNGTIS MORBIDITY, INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND DOMESTIC PRACTICES IN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL AREAS OF IWO TOWN NIGERIA
    (2025-06-11) OKUNOLA, abidemi yemi
    ABSTRACT Childhood respiratory diseases arecaused bypathogensbutcommonly induced by exposuretoair pollutants.This studyexaminedthe contributionof indoorair qualityand domesticpractices to themorbidity ofchildhood pharyngitisinIwotown, Southwest Nigeria. Atotalofeightresidential (four modern and four traditional) areas were sampled using stratified random method. One hundred and twenty households were randomly sampled across the eight residential areas for indoor air quality monitoring. Aeroqual gas analyzer (S-300) was used to measure the level of indoorairpollutants[particulatematter(PMO.andPMto),carbon monoxide(CO),methane(CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NOz), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), sulphur dioxide (SOz) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] in indoorenvironment. Clinicalcasesofpharyngitis reportedbypatients aged 0 — 15 years (2019 — 2023) in Iwo were collected from the General Hospital. Additionally, 120 copies of structured questionnaire were administered randomly to children and care-giver in the sampled households to obtain information on housing condition, energy use, manifestation and management of pharyngitis. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools (SPSS 23.0). Results obtained indicated that the mean concentrationsof indoor air quality across the residential areas ranged between 18.45z9.20 to 44.04+24.23 pg/m(PMz.s), 34.38z27.03to82.42z32.79qg/m3(PMie),50.8117.26to124.30+137.11mg/m3(CO), 44.54z37.76to159.96+197.78mg/m3(CHP,),0.l5z0.07to0.29z0.06IIlg/m(NOz),0.09+0.13to 0.28z0.29mg/m’(H2S),0.04z0.07to0.l2A0.12mg/m^(SO2),and195.30z75.55to 453.19z683.53qg/m3 (VOCs). There were significant (p<0.05) spatial variations in the levels of the selected pollutants except NO2. Exceedances were observed in the concentrations of indoor PM2.5CO, NO2, SO2 and VOCs in all sampled areas compared to the WHO limits. The concentrationsofCHPandPMloexceededtheacceptablelimitsin75—87%oftheareas.Similarly, temporal variations(p < 0.05) were observedinthe levels of PMio (four residentialareas), PM2.5 (threeareas),COandNO2(twoareas),H2SandVOCs(oneareaeach).PMzsandPMiohad significant (p <0.05) positive correlation with CO (r = 0.278 — 0.400), CN4 (8' 0.184),SO2(r= 0.183 — 0.244) and VOC(r = 0.220 — 0.293).Dustre-suspension, fossil fuel emission, biomass fuelcombustionanddecompositionoforganicmatterwereidentifiedasmajorsourcesof pollutants. The distributionof pharyngitis casesshowed higher prevalence among children aged 0 5years(74.1%),andmales(51.5%).ThehotspotsofcasesincludedOjaale(12.0%),Feesu (10.0%), andPanada(9.6%) inthestudylocation.Thepeakofpharyngitis was observed inJanuary (200 cases) followedbyDecember(192 cases) from2019— 2023. Use of biomassfuel wasthe majorindependentpredictorofpharyngitiswithsignificantoddratio(OR=4.32,p<0.05), followedby living inmudhouses (OR= 3.09) and rooms with more than three occupants(OR = 2.66).Thisstudyrevealedthat,poorairqualityarisingfrombiomass fueluseintraditionalhouses aggravatedpharyngitismorbidityamongchildreninthestudyarea.
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    DIETARY INCLUSION OF SCENT LEAF (Ocimum gratissimum) AND DRIED CITRUS PEEL (Citrus sinensis) AS ANTI-OXIDANTS TO ALLEVIATE TRANSPORT STRESS IN JUVENILE Clarias gariepinus
    (2025-07-09) AMINU, RUTH OLUWASEYI
    ABSTRACT Fish transportation is a routine activity in aquaculture which may likely induce physiological stress due to handling, crowding, and fluctuating water quality.Oxidative stress is an oxidative imbalance caused by disability to detoxify free radicals during cellular metabolic activity. In preventing these oxidations, antioxidants are important. Synthetic antioxidants are commonly used to mitigate oxidative stress but natural antioxidants may offer a safer, more sustainable option for enriching immunity and improving fish survival. This study assessed the effect ofdried scent leaf (SL) and citrus peel (CP) as naturalsources of antioxidants to alleviateoxidative stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Nine iso-nitrogenous (40% CP) diets were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish which contained varied percentages; 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 SL and CP with 0 as the control diets for eight weeks. Two hundred and seventy C. gariepinus juveniles (6.42 ± 0.05g) were randomly distributed into nine dietary treatments. The growth and survival rate, hematology, histopathology of the gills, cortisol, antioxidant enzyme and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of C. gariepinus subjected to simulated transportation by road were assessed. Data obtained were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using IBM SPSS (version 25), turkey post-hoc test and R software. The results of the proximate analysis showed that fish fed with SL 10% and CP 7.5% had the highest crude protein(40.16±0.28, 40.61±0.29) respectively, while the highest fibre content were recorded in feed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP (5.77±0.10, 5.27±0.00) respectively. The highest mean weight gain (MWG) (2.79 ± 0.49g; 4.41 ± 0.99g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.49 ± 0.23g; 2.48 ± 0.46g), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), (3.74 ±0.58g; 6.20 ± 1.17g) were recorded in fish fed with 10% SL and 10% CP, respectively while the lowest FCR (1.28 ± 0.23g), SGR (0.53 ± 0.09g), and PER (3.20 ± 0.57g) were observed in fish fed with the control diets. Optimum survival was observed in fish fed with 7.5% SL, 2.5% CP and 10% CP. Fish fed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP had an increased packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) values compared to other treatments.Histopathologicalexaminations of the gills of fish revealed mild alterations in the 2.5% SL, 5.0% SL and 2.5% CP group.Cortisol levels did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) before and after transportation in fish fed with 7.5% SL and 5.0% CP diets.The antioxidant enzymes activities; superoxide dismutase (0.34 ± 0.07 µ/L), and catalase (0.44 ± 0.05 µ/L) of fish fed 10% SL increased significantly (p<0.05), and the malondialdehyde level of the fish fed with 10% SL (0.18 ± 0.02µ/LE-08 ) and 5.0% CP (0.81 ± 0.01µ/LE-08)decreased significantly (p<0.05)after transportation stress compared to the fish fed the control diets. In Conclusion, the dietary inclusion levels of 5% - 10% SL and 5% - 7.5%CP served as effective antioxidantsin alleviating transport stress in C. gariepinus juveniles.
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    RESPONSE OF GUINEA FOWL TO IN OVO ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID) ON DIFFERENT DAYS OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
    (2025-06-23) OLALEYE, DOLAPO ESTHER
    ABSTRACT The growing interest in guinea fowl as a hardy and economically valuable poultry specie informed the search for alternatives to enhance its growth performance. This study investigated the effect of in ovo injection of Vitamin B9 at different days (21, 23 and 25) of embryonic development on guinea fowl’s hatching traits, post-hatch growth performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, and carcass characteristics. A total of 180 hatching eggs of helmeted guinea fowl were incubated for 28 days. After candling on day 12, only 112 eggs were fertileand were randomly allotted to four groups: the control group (non-injected group), in ovo 1 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 21), in ovo 3 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 23) and in ovo 5 (injected with 0.05ml of folic acid per egg on day 25). Hatching traits were assessed on day 0. Afterwards, body weight and feed intake were evaluated weekly. Two birds/replicate were slaughtered and assessed for lymphoid organs and intestinal morphometry for blood profile, samples were collected for haematological parameters, serum biochemical indices and anti-oxidant status (Superoxide dismutase-SOD, Malondialdehyde-MDA, Glutathione-GSH and Catalase glutathione-CAT) analysis on day 7 and 70. Data collected were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance. The control group had the highest hatchability percentage (94.40%) followed by hatching eggs from in ovo 1 group (72.20%). The egg weight, chick weight and chick to egg ratio were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the days of injection. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin (Hb) level of the guinea fowl were significantly (p<0.05) influenced at day 7 of age. Non-injected group for both PCV (41 %) and Hb (13.70 g/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values than all injected groups while keets from in ovo 5 had significantly lowest value of PCV (31 %) and Hb (10.67 g/dl).The blood antioxidant status on days 23 and 25 had significantly (p<0.05) highest concentration of MDA while SOD and CAT were significantly (p < 0.05) highest in keets from in ovo 1 eggs. Duodenal histomorphometry at hatch was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by treatment. Villus height was highest in keets from eggs injected on days 21 (1.47 µm) and in ovo 5 eggs (1.45 µm). In addition, the proportions of jejunum and ileum were highest (p<0.05) at day 7 in keets from in ovo 3. The study concluded that for an enhanced growth performance and gut development in guinea fowl, in ovo injection of 0.05ml folic acid (vitamin B9) in their fertile eggs on either day 21 or day 25 of embryonic development showed better effect.
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    GROWTH RESPONSE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, AND HEALTH PARAMETERS OF Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF SOAKED AND FERMENTED Enterolobiumcyclocarpum LEAF
    (2025-05-20) ABUBAKAR IBRAHIM TOYIN
    ABSTRACT High cost of conventional dietary protein ingredients sources such as soybean meal, in aquafeed production necessitates the exploration of cost-effective and locally available alternatives with limited relevance in human diet. This study investigated the performance, nutrient utilization and health of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed diets with graded (0, 10, 20, and 30%) levels of soaked and fermented Enterolobiumcyclocarpum leaf meal. Seven isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isoenergetic (314kcal) diets were formulated,the control diet without either meal and designated as TS1–TS3 (10%, 20%, 30% SEcLM) and TF1–TF3 (10%, 20%, 30% FEcLM). The feeds were fed to triplicate groups of fish at 3% body weight daily for eight weeks. Growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio and apparent protein digestibility (APD) parameters were monitored weekly. Blood samples were collected from each group for haematology and blood chemistry analyses, while the liver and mid gut were observed for histopathological studies. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that fish fed TF2 (20% FEcLM) and TF3 (30% FEcLM) achieved superior growth compared to the control. Final body weight for TF3 (13.85 g) and TF2 (13.12 g) significantly exceeded that of the control group (12.42 g). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was highest in TF3 (2.09%/day), compared to 1.91%/day in the control. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) also improved in TF3 (1.54), over the group fed the control (1.70). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) peaked in the group of fish fedTF3 (2.67), also surpassing the control diet (2.40). These results suggest that fermentation enhanced the nutritional quality of E. cyclocarpum leaves, likely by reducing anti-nutritional factors, improving nutrient value and nutrient availability. Haematological parameters remained within normal physiological ranges, indicating no adverse health effects. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) was highest in TF3 (31.3%) and TF2 (30.6%), compared to the control (27.6%). Haemoglobin concentration also followed this trend, with TF3 and TF2 recording 7.8 g/dl and 7.6 g/dl, respectively, versus 6.9 g/dl in the control group. Red Blood Cell (RBC) counts were 2.64 ×10¹²/L and 2.51 ×10¹²/L in TF3 and TF2, respectively, which were higher than the control (2.21 ×10¹²/L). White Blood Cell (WBC) levels remained stable across treatments, suggesting no immunological stress. Histological examination revealed no significant lesions in the liver and intestinal tissues of fish fed diets up to 20% FEcLM, though mild hepatocellular atrophy and enterocyte degeneration were observed at 30% inclusion in the soaked groups. Gut histomorphometry supported better nutrient absorption in the fermented groups, as evidenced by higher villi height and crypt depth. In conclusion, E. cyclocarpum leaf meal, particularly when fermented, can replace soybean meal in C. gariepinus diets at levels up to 30% without compromising growth or health.
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    ASSESSMENT OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) SERVICES AND HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY TO WATER INSECURITY IN SELECTED TOWNS WITHIN UPPER OGUN RIVER BASIN
    (2025-09-22) AKANJI, OLUSOLA ENOCH
    ABSTRACT Water insecurity is one of the most pressing challenges facing Sub-Saharan Africa, where there is inadequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities. This study assessed Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services, household vulnerability and coping strategies to water insecurity in selected towns in Upper Ogun River Basin (UORB), Nigeria. Iseyin, Saki East, and Saki West Local Government Areas (LGA) were purposively selected within the UORB. Multistage sampling method was used to identify one prominent town from each LGA – Iseyin (Iseyin), Saki (Saki West), and Sepeteri (Saki East). Each selected town was systematically separated into clusters, from which communities and households were randomly selected to ensure geographic representation for data collection. Primary and secondary data were collected during this study. Two hundred and fifty (250) copies of well structured questionnaire were administered in addition to Water Quality Assessment data. Water samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameter which included pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, lead, copper, iron, chloride, hardness, alkalinity, total solids and microbiological parameters (total coliform count, and Escherichia coli). Secondary data comprised 30-year remotely sensed rainfall data (1993-2023) sourced from Climate Engine portal, and Health records from Oyo State Ministry of Health. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was employed to assess the meteorological drought patterns, while Joint Monitoring Programme's WASH Service Ladder provided standard criteria for WASH service classification. A novel household vulnerability assessment framework was developed using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Social Vulnerability Index approach. The results indicated issues with water availability and deterioration in water quality across all the three locations. SPI analysis showed an increasing trend toward dryness, with severe to extreme drought conditions from 2013-2023, and particularly intensified from 2021-2023 when SPI values reached exceptional dryness levels below -2.0. WASH services varied significantly across locations, with Sepeteri showing the most critical conditions where 64% of households practised open defecation and 82% lacked adequate basic hand washing facilities. Water quality analysis showed widespread contamination, with iron concentrations (3.01- 4.98 mg/L) exceeding WHO standards at all sampling locations and microbial contamination with E. coli present in 7, 20 and 19 samples collected at Iseyin, Saki and Sepeteri respectively. Most samples can be traced to the effect of open defecation in the area particularly at Sepeteri. The results also showed pattern between drought conditions and malaria prevalence, with negative SPI values consistently aligning with malaria outbreaks across all locations, thereby suggesting that drought monitoring could serve as an early warning system for vector-borne disease surveillance. Household vulnerability assessment revealed that while Iseyin (72%) and Saki (80%) maintained relatively high proportions of low-vulnerability households, Sepeteri faced severe challenges with only 28% classified as low vulnerability and 48% experiencing between high to very high vulnerability to water insecurity. The study concluded that water insecurity has an impact on public health and household coping mechanisms across the Upper Ogun River Basin with major impact at Sepeteri.
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    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE ALONG SIUN/AJURA ROAD, OGERE REMO, IN IKENNE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OFOGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-08-23) LAWAL, OLAMIDE AFEEZ
    ABSTRACT Landfills remain a major facility for waste disposal in developing nations due to its cost-effectiveness, yet they pose significant environmental and public health risks. This study assessed the environmental impacts of the proposed landfill site by Ogun State Government at Ogere-Remo community. Seventeen (17) sampling sites including controls were selected for air quality assessment using MultiRae gas meter for Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon-dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO2) Sulphur (IV) oxide (SO2), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). A Portable Automatic Weather System was used to collect meteorological data. Soil samples, surface water, and groundwater were also collected and analysed for physico-chemical parameters such as OC, OM, pH, EC, TDS, NO3, SO42-, and heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cu in both water and soil were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS machine. In addition, two hundred and sixty (260) copies of the structured questionnaire were used for the analysis. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The air quality index (AQI) was calculated to classify the hazard rating of the air pollutants. Mean concentrations (µg/m3) of air quality parameters ranged between 67.33 – 162.33 (CO), 879.0.12 – 2293.83 (CO2), 0.00 – 2.76 (SO2), 231.17 – 1586.33 (VOCs), 42.17 – 1128.83 (CH4), 0.23 – 1.30 (H2S), 0.18 – 0.31 (NO2), 20.83 – 134.33µg/m3 (PM2.5), and 45.17 – 275.04µg/m3 (PM10) across the sampling sites. The mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the permissible limit except in one location (SP17). The concentrations of CO, CO2, VOC, CH4, SO2, H2S, and NO2 exceeded the allowable limits in all sampling sites. Concentrations of air pollutants varied significantly (p<0.05) across locations. The AQI of atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 varied from “moderate” to “unhealthy” for the sensitive group. Air Quality Index (AQI) rated CO in the air samples of the study area as “hazardous”. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in soil ranged from 2.151 – 5.322 (Pb); 1.152 – 3.839 (Cu); 2.464 – 8.470 (Zn), 7.151 – 11.147 (Cr), and 1.533 – 305.3 (Cd). The mean concentration in the topsoil and subsoil was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control site. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in soil were within the WHO limits, except for Cd (1.533 to 305.3 mg/kg). Most of the physico-chemical parameters in soil were within the recommended limits except EC values at 2500-5100 µs/cm at PTD31 and PTD41 points. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in leachates and water exceeded the WHO limits in about 90% of the sampling sites. Most of the physico-chemical parameters for both groundwater and surface water were within the recommended limits, except for leachates, which were above the optimal range. The mean values of bacteria ranged from 21.3 to 163.17 cfu/100 ml, while the high value of coliform bacteria exceeded the WHO and NSDWQ water quality standards (1 cfu/100 ml). 90% of the respondents indicated water and air pollution as the significant environmental hazard from the proposed landfill site. The study revealed that people living closer to the proposed landfill site experience health conditions such as asthma, diarrhea, recurring flu, malaria, cough, cholera, and skin irritation than those living farther away. In Conclusion, a sanitary landfill is the best option for the proposed landfill site.
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    HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF METALS IN DIFFERENTLYPROCESSED-AFRICAN MUD CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) IN ABEOKUTA MARKETS, OGUN STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
    (2024-10-10) THOMAS, Opeyemi John
    ABSTRACT Fish is one of the major sources of animal protein for humans but with the tendency to bio-accumulate toxicants from the aquatic environment. This study assessed the health risk of metals in differently processed catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from four markets, (Adatan, Kuto, Olomore and Osiele) in Abeokuta metropolis, Ogun State, southwestern Nigeria. A total of 60 adult samples (20 samples from each market) of oven-baked, locally-smoked and non-locally-smokedcatfish were collected and analysed for Copper, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, and Lead (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Health risk assessment was evaluated for Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI) and Cancer Risk (CR).Results indicated Fe as the highest metal (8.10±6.80 - 70.7±30.8 mg/kg) in the fish samples. Concentrations of Cr (0.25±0.25 - 28.4±14.5 mg/kg) in the samples were found to be higher than the permissible limit of 0.2 mg/kg set by the joint Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in most of the analysed samples. Pb was only detected in few samples where it ranged from 0.20±0.20 - 0.80±0.70 mg/kg and were largely higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. The concentration pattern of non-toxic metals in the fish samples followed the decreasing order of Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, while the toxic metals followed the decreasing order of Cr > Pb. Cadmium and nickel concentrations were below the detection limit of the analytical instrument (0.05 mg/kg). The occurrence of metals in different fish-processing types followed the sequence: Locally-smoked> non-locally-smoked>oven-baked. The distribution of metals across the markets had the pattern of Osiele>Olomore>Kuto>Adatan. The Principal Component Analysis revealed two likely contamination sources of metals in the fish samples as Pond/River and Vehicular emission. The health risk assessment revealed the HQ values greater than 1.0 for Cr in the oven-baked and non-locally-smoked (3.273±5.108 and 6.171±8.148, respectively) indicating non-carcinogenic adverse health effects on consumers while smoked-hawked types indicated HQ values<1.0 (0.470±0.447) meaning that they were safe for consumption. Other metals, had HQ<1.0 that were within their respective safe limits. The HI values were above 1.0 in the fish samples, indicating cumulative potential adverse health effects. The CR assessment of the metals in the fish samples also indicated value greater than the permissible limit of 1.0×10−4, for Cr(3.45×10-4±3.28×10-4 – 2.41×10-3±3.76×10-3) indicating possible risk of cancer to the consumers. Contribution of Cr to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic adverse health effects were high ranging from 43% - 98% in the samples. This study established Cr as a metal of serious health concern in the processed-fish samples in the study areas, with the highest concentration in locally-smoked samples.
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    TERMICIDAL EFFECTS OF Azadirachta indica (A. JUSS) ON Danielia oliveriand Ficus exasperataWOOD SPECIES
    (2024-10-25) THOMPSON Olaoluwa Ezekiel
    ABSTRACT Wood as a renewable bio-resource is susceptible todegradation by biological agents such as termites which can be controlled by plant extracts. This study assessed the termicidal effects of bark and leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica on Danielia oliveriand Ficus exasperatawood species. Green board of D. oliveriand F. exasperatawere processed into 40 samples each, with a dimensionof 45 mm × 35 mm × 35 mm and oven dried to moisture content of 12% ±3. Azadirachta indica leaf and bark extracts were prepared by mass/volume ratioto derive 0.1, 0.075, 0.05 and 0.025 % concentrations. The wood samples were soaked in theextracts for 24 hours and incubated in the termitarium for 16 weeks. Parameters assessed in this study were density (D), preservative absorption (PA), preservative retention (PR),visual assessment (VA) and weight loss (WL). Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance, while means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test at p≤0.05. There was a significant difference in the D, PA, PR and WL of D.oliveriand F. exasperatawood samples. The concentrations of bark and leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica had significant difference in the PR and WL of D. oliveriand F. exasperatawood samples. Treated D. oliveriwood had the highest D of 1.09±0.12 g/cm3, while F. exasperata had the lowest D with a mean value of 0.75±0.06 g/cm3. D. oliverihad the highest PA (89.71±11.02) of leaf extracts at 0.075% concentrations and lowest (31.63±19.69) in F. exasperatawood at 0.075% concentrations. D. oliveriwood had the highest PR of leaf extracts at 0.1% concentration, while F. exasperataat 0.025% leaf extracts had the lowest values with 88.24±15.73 and 12.92±4.57 respectively. Visually, D. oliveriwood were badly damaged, while F. exasperatawood were fairly damaged at the end of the experiment. The WL increased as the extracts concentration decreased. The highest WL of the treated wood was 70.92±7.75 in D. oliveritreated with 0.025% bark extracts, whileF. exasperatatreated with leaf extracts at 0.1% gave the lowest WL (12.97±2.85). Plant extracts used in this study had significant impacts on the termite control at 0.1 % and 0.075 % concentrations. This study concluded that, leaf and bark extractsofAzadirachta indica at 0.1 and 0.075 % concentrations were able to control termites attack on wood. The use of plant extracts in elongating the life span of wood and ensuring protection of the environment from chemicals is recommended.
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    ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY OF THE FUNAAB ZOOPARK USING REMOTE SENSING.
    (2024-08-20) SUNDAY JAMES ABIOLA
    ABSTRACT Conservation is essential to protect and sustainably manage biodiversity for economic, social, cultural, and environmental purposes. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) are significant in studying habitat effects on free-range animals. This study examined the biodiversity distribution and conservation capacity of Zoo Park at Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta using remote sensing. Four existing transects (A, B, C and D) of the zoological park were selected for the direct technique count method. Each transect was traversed for the period of five months and observations were carried out twice a day. Sample plots of 50 m by 50 m were demarcated randomly in eight different locations. The Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of each tree was measured in centimeter. Landsat 7 and 8 data satellite images of the study area for 2012 and 2022 were downloaded to assess the changes in the vegetation cover and temperature of the study area. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) statistics were used to analyze the population encountered across months and transects. Simpson’s diversity index was used to measure animal species diversity while plant species diversity index was calculated using Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index. The results revealed that eight species of natural inhabitants identified were Chlorocebuspygerythrus, Philantombamaxwellii, Herpestesbrachyurus, Tragelaphusscriptus, Pseudohaienigraus, Xeruserythropus, Veranusniloticus and Opheodrysvernalis. Transects A and D recorded the highest number of animals. Transect B had the highest diversity index (0.8348), while transect C had the lowest (0.3517). A total number of 199 trees per hectare from 21 species and 12 families were recorded. Moraceae (5) accounted for the highest frequency of family while Antiaristoxicaria (23) accounted for the species with highest number of individual trees. Miliciaexcelsa (304.00 cm) accounted for the highest mean DBH while the tree diversity index was 2.78. The NDVI analysis of the Zoo Park showed five different land classes (barren land, built-up areas, shrubs/grasslands, sparse vegetation and dense vegetation). A notable change in the land cover categories was observed between 2012 and 2022. The change analysis showed that barren land, built-up areas, dense vegetation and shrubs/grasslands declined by 0.59%, 1.6%, 4.93%, and 17.52% respectively while sparse vegetation increased by 24.64% within the space of ten years. The ambient temperature of the study area ranged from 25.92 to 31.06⁰C in 2012 and 20.19 to 33.13⁰C in 2022. The minimum temperature experienced in 2022 was lower than that of 2012 which could be attributed to the exposed areas in 2012 that had been filled with vegetation. Also, the maximum temperature in 2022 was higher than that recorded for 2012 and this could be attributed to the reduction of dense vegetation. The study showed that resources availability of FUNAAB Zoo Park and its ambient temperature made it a suitable site for the free-range animals to thrive.
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    STATUS AND CONTRIBUTION OF HOMEGARDEN TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-09-20) OLADEJO, ANUOLUWAPO DEBORAH
    ABSTRACT Homegarden is the modern compound farm contributing to household food security, healthy life and conservation of local food crops. The study was conducted to determine the status of homegarden and its contribution to household food security in Osun State, Nigeria. Multi-Stage sampling technique with four-stage design was used to obtain a sample size of 150 respondents. Structured questionnaire was administered to elicit information from the respondents. Ten farms were selected from the three agro-ecological zones for ecology of homegardens. Frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyse the data. Likert scale and correlation of attributes were used to determine the perception of respondents to homegarden and contribution of homegarden to household food security. Simpson’s Diversity and Similarity Indices were analysed using PAST software version 3. Results showed that 52.0 % of the respondents were female; 80.6 % were within the age range of 31-60 years with the mean age of 43 years. Also, 63.3 % were christians, 84.0 % were married, 42.0 % had a family size of 5-7 persons with the mean family size of 6 persons and majority (80.0 %) had formal education. About 85.7 % of the respondents indicated farming as the secondary occupation while 46.0 % reported trade as the primary occupation. The size of the homegardens in the study area ranged from 331 m2to 8037 m2 and distances between garden plants and houses were between 2 m and 50 m in the three agro-ecological zones. Household income from primary occupation showed that 46.4 % of the respondents earned between ₦20,001 and ₦40,000; Income from homegarden showed that 53.9% earned less than ₦20,000; while monetary value of produce consumed by the family showed that 44.7 % consumed up to ₦10,000 produce monthly. A total of 133 species made up of 39 plant species (food crops, vegetables and spices), 28 fruit trees, 36 timber species, 18 medicinal plants and 12 animal species were encountered in the study area. The most diverse zone was Ife/Ijesha with the lowest dominance value of 0.06 and the highest diversity value of 0.94; Osogbo and Ife/Ijesha had the highest similarity indices of 73.0 %. Female were involved in 12 operations out of the 17 operations carried out in homegarden management. Major constraint of homegardens was damage due to insect pests, diseases, animals, and theft (55.3 %), inadequate access to water (49.3 %) and limited access to agricultural inputs such as seeds, planting material, tools, and capital (41.3 %). Most (69.3 %) strongly agreed that homegardening helped in addressing food insecurity. The combined benefits derived from the homegardens in the three agro-ecological zones, showed that Source of food is the most promising to be the dominant use. Conclusively, homegardens play a crucial role in the livelihoods of the communities and households.
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    PRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL OF HYBRIDS OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS AND HETEROBRANCHUS SPECIES UNDER HATCHERY CONDITION
    (2024-01-20) OLATUNDUN, ISMAIL ABIODUN
    ABSTRACT Hybridization is a genetic improvement technique in the aquaculture industry, which has been recognized as a tool to enhance production intensities and efficiency, for food security and employment generation. This study evaluated the production and survival of hybrids of Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus species under hatchery conditions. Twenty gravid broodstocks of C. gariepinus (CG), H. bidorsalis (HB) and H. longifilis (HL) with average weight (531.67±7.55 g) were cultured for three months before selecting twelve for hybridization. The crosses of CG (1100.00±57.74 g), HL (1200.00±57.74 g) and HB (1150.00±28.87 g) were carried out using ovaprim at 0.5 ml per kg body weight of female fish. The hybrids of HL♂ x HB♀ (T1), HB♂ x, HL♀ (T2), HB♂ x CG♀ (T3), CG♂ x, HB♀ (T4), HL♂ x CG♀ (T5) and CG♂ x HL♀ (T6) formed the triplicated treatments which were cultured for ninety days. The data obtained such as growth parameters, fertilisation and hatching rates among others were subjected to one-way analysis of variance using Statistical Products and Service Solutions (SPSS), while treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The growth response of the broodstocks showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the parameters. H. longifilis had the highest measurable values of final weight (1200.00±57.74 g), weight gain (680.00±46.19 g), specific growth rate (0.93±0.03 %/day) and relative growth rate (130.50±5.99 %), while the least values of final weight (1100.00±57.74 g), weight gain (555.00±65.26 g), specific growth rate (0.78±0.08 %/day) and relative growth rate (102.40±13.55 %) were recorded in CG. Results indicate significant differences (p<0.05) in the values of weight of stripped eggs, number of eggs per gram and fecundity of the fish among the treatments. The highest values for weight of stripped eggs (183.33±8.82 g), highest number of eggs per gram (741) and fecundity (133.31±3.06) were recorded in T3. The highest significant values for number of eggs fertilized (11577), fertilization rate (83.67 %) and hatching rate (66.67 %) were recorded in T3, T2 and T1, respectively. The lowest values of fertilization rate (70 %) and hatching rate (53.33 %) were observed in T5 and T6, respectively. The highest percentage survival (87.67 %) was recorded in T2 while T6 recorded the lowest percentage survival value (44 %). The trend of percentage mortality was T6>T4>T3>T5>T1>T2. The growth response showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the values of initial weight, specific growth rate, daily growth rate, mean growth rate and relative growth rate among the treatments but had significant differences (p<0.05) in the values of final weights and weight gain among the treatments. Fish in T3 had the highest final weight (5.44 g) and weight gain (5.28 g) while fish in T6 had the least values of final weight (4.12 g) and weight gain (4.00 g). Water temperature, nitrate, turbidity, conductivity and total solids showed no significant difference at p>0.05. This study revealed that, the production and survival of C. gariepinus and Heterobranchus species under hatchery conditions was viable and could be sustainable based on the breeding performance and survival rates recorded.