College of Environmental Resources Management

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    ANALYSIS OF CHILDOOD PHARYNGTIS MORBIDITY, INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND DOMESTIC PRACTICES IN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL AREAS OF IWO TOWN NIGERIA
    (2025-06-11) OKUNOLA, abidemi yemi
    ABSTRACT Childhood respiratory diseases arecaused bypathogensbutcommonly induced by exposuretoair pollutants.This studyexaminedthe contributionof indoorair qualityand domesticpractices to themorbidity ofchildhood pharyngitisinIwotown, Southwest Nigeria. Atotalofeightresidential (four modern and four traditional) areas were sampled using stratified random method. One hundred and twenty households were randomly sampled across the eight residential areas for indoor air quality monitoring. Aeroqual gas analyzer (S-300) was used to measure the level of indoorairpollutants[particulatematter(PMO.andPMto),carbon monoxide(CO),methane(CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NOz), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), sulphur dioxide (SOz) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] in indoorenvironment. Clinicalcasesofpharyngitis reportedbypatients aged 0 — 15 years (2019 — 2023) in Iwo were collected from the General Hospital. Additionally, 120 copies of structured questionnaire were administered randomly to children and care-giver in the sampled households to obtain information on housing condition, energy use, manifestation and management of pharyngitis. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools (SPSS 23.0). Results obtained indicated that the mean concentrationsof indoor air quality across the residential areas ranged between 18.45z9.20 to 44.04+24.23 pg/m(PMz.s), 34.38z27.03to82.42z32.79qg/m3(PMie),50.8117.26to124.30+137.11mg/m3(CO), 44.54z37.76to159.96+197.78mg/m3(CHP,),0.l5z0.07to0.29z0.06IIlg/m(NOz),0.09+0.13to 0.28z0.29mg/m’(H2S),0.04z0.07to0.l2A0.12mg/m^(SO2),and195.30z75.55to 453.19z683.53qg/m3 (VOCs). There were significant (p<0.05) spatial variations in the levels of the selected pollutants except NO2. Exceedances were observed in the concentrations of indoor PM2.5CO, NO2, SO2 and VOCs in all sampled areas compared to the WHO limits. The concentrationsofCHPandPMloexceededtheacceptablelimitsin75—87%oftheareas.Similarly, temporal variations(p < 0.05) were observedinthe levels of PMio (four residentialareas), PM2.5 (threeareas),COandNO2(twoareas),H2SandVOCs(oneareaeach).PMzsandPMiohad significant (p <0.05) positive correlation with CO (r = 0.278 — 0.400), CN4 (8' 0.184),SO2(r= 0.183 — 0.244) and VOC(r = 0.220 — 0.293).Dustre-suspension, fossil fuel emission, biomass fuelcombustionanddecompositionoforganicmatterwereidentifiedasmajorsourcesof pollutants. The distributionof pharyngitis casesshowed higher prevalence among children aged 0 5years(74.1%),andmales(51.5%).ThehotspotsofcasesincludedOjaale(12.0%),Feesu (10.0%), andPanada(9.6%) inthestudylocation.Thepeakofpharyngitis was observed inJanuary (200 cases) followedbyDecember(192 cases) from2019— 2023. Use of biomassfuel wasthe majorindependentpredictorofpharyngitiswithsignificantoddratio(OR=4.32,p<0.05), followedby living inmudhouses (OR= 3.09) and rooms with more than three occupants(OR = 2.66).Thisstudyrevealedthat,poorairqualityarisingfrombiomass fueluseintraditionalhouses aggravatedpharyngitismorbidityamongchildreninthestudyarea.
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    ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY OF THE FUNAAB ZOOPARK USING REMOTE SENSING.
    (2024-08-20) SUNDAY JAMES ABIOLA
    ABSTRACT Conservation is essential to protect and sustainably manage biodiversity for economic, social, cultural, and environmental purposes. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) are significant in studying habitat effects on free-range animals. This study examined the biodiversity distribution and conservation capacity of Zoo Park at Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta using remote sensing. Four existing transects (A, B, C and D) of the zoological park were selected for the direct technique count method. Each transect was traversed for the period of five months and observations were carried out twice a day. Sample plots of 50 m by 50 m were demarcated randomly in eight different locations. The Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of each tree was measured in centimeter. Landsat 7 and 8 data satellite images of the study area for 2012 and 2022 were downloaded to assess the changes in the vegetation cover and temperature of the study area. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) statistics were used to analyze the population encountered across months and transects. Simpson’s diversity index was used to measure animal species diversity while plant species diversity index was calculated using Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index. The results revealed that eight species of natural inhabitants identified were Chlorocebuspygerythrus, Philantombamaxwellii, Herpestesbrachyurus, Tragelaphusscriptus, Pseudohaienigraus, Xeruserythropus, Veranusniloticus and Opheodrysvernalis. Transects A and D recorded the highest number of animals. Transect B had the highest diversity index (0.8348), while transect C had the lowest (0.3517). A total number of 199 trees per hectare from 21 species and 12 families were recorded. Moraceae (5) accounted for the highest frequency of family while Antiaristoxicaria (23) accounted for the species with highest number of individual trees. Miliciaexcelsa (304.00 cm) accounted for the highest mean DBH while the tree diversity index was 2.78. The NDVI analysis of the Zoo Park showed five different land classes (barren land, built-up areas, shrubs/grasslands, sparse vegetation and dense vegetation). A notable change in the land cover categories was observed between 2012 and 2022. The change analysis showed that barren land, built-up areas, dense vegetation and shrubs/grasslands declined by 0.59%, 1.6%, 4.93%, and 17.52% respectively while sparse vegetation increased by 24.64% within the space of ten years. The ambient temperature of the study area ranged from 25.92 to 31.06⁰C in 2012 and 20.19 to 33.13⁰C in 2022. The minimum temperature experienced in 2022 was lower than that of 2012 which could be attributed to the exposed areas in 2012 that had been filled with vegetation. Also, the maximum temperature in 2022 was higher than that recorded for 2012 and this could be attributed to the reduction of dense vegetation. The study showed that resources availability of FUNAAB Zoo Park and its ambient temperature made it a suitable site for the free-range animals to thrive.
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    ASSESSMENT OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) SERVICES AND HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY TO WATER INSECURITY IN SELECTED TOWNS WITHIN UPPER OGUN RIVER BASIN
    (2025-09-22) AKANJI, OLUSOLA ENOCH
    ABSTRACT Water insecurity is one of the most pressing challenges facing Sub-Saharan Africa, where there is inadequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities. This study assessed Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services, household vulnerability and coping strategies to water insecurity in selected towns in Upper Ogun River Basin (UORB), Nigeria. Iseyin, Saki East, and Saki West Local Government Areas (LGA) were purposively selected within the UORB. Multistage sampling method was used to identify one prominent town from each LGA – Iseyin (Iseyin), Saki (Saki West), and Sepeteri (Saki East). Each selected town was systematically separated into clusters, from which communities and households were randomly selected to ensure geographic representation for data collection. Primary and secondary data were collected during this study. Two hundred and fifty (250) copies of well structured questionnaire were administered in addition to Water Quality Assessment data. Water samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameter which included pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, lead, copper, iron, chloride, hardness, alkalinity, total solids and microbiological parameters (total coliform count, and Escherichia coli). Secondary data comprised 30-year remotely sensed rainfall data (1993-2023) sourced from Climate Engine portal, and Health records from Oyo State Ministry of Health. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was employed to assess the meteorological drought patterns, while Joint Monitoring Programme's WASH Service Ladder provided standard criteria for WASH service classification. A novel household vulnerability assessment framework was developed using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Social Vulnerability Index approach. The results indicated issues with water availability and deterioration in water quality across all the three locations. SPI analysis showed an increasing trend toward dryness, with severe to extreme drought conditions from 2013-2023, and particularly intensified from 2021-2023 when SPI values reached exceptional dryness levels below -2.0. WASH services varied significantly across locations, with Sepeteri showing the most critical conditions where 64% of households practised open defecation and 82% lacked adequate basic hand washing facilities. Water quality analysis showed widespread contamination, with iron concentrations (3.01- 4.98 mg/L) exceeding WHO standards at all sampling locations and microbial contamination with E. coli present in 7, 20 and 19 samples collected at Iseyin, Saki and Sepeteri respectively. Most samples can be traced to the effect of open defecation in the area particularly at Sepeteri. The results also showed pattern between drought conditions and malaria prevalence, with negative SPI values consistently aligning with malaria outbreaks across all locations, thereby suggesting that drought monitoring could serve as an early warning system for vector-borne disease surveillance. Household vulnerability assessment revealed that while Iseyin (72%) and Saki (80%) maintained relatively high proportions of low-vulnerability households, Sepeteri faced severe challenges with only 28% classified as low vulnerability and 48% experiencing between high to very high vulnerability to water insecurity. The study concluded that water insecurity has an impact on public health and household coping mechanisms across the Upper Ogun River Basin with major impact at Sepeteri.
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    ASSESSMENT OF WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SELECTED PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES, SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA.
    (2024-11-20) OGUNKOYA, ITUNUOLUWA TOYOSI
    ABSTRACT Adequate access to safe water, sanitation facilities, and proper hygiene (WASH) practices is fundamental to human health, dignity, and well-being. Despite the concerted global efforts to achieve "access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all" by 2030, WASH practice challenges still persist across various household, health care centres, and schools. The accessibility and WASH practices within university campuses have not received sufficient research attention. This study investigated the accessibility to WASH facility and practices in student halls of residences in selected public Universities in six (6) Southwest Nigeria namely, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB), University of Ibadan (UI). University of Lagos (UNILAG), Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), and Ekiti State University (EKSU). Stratified sampling method was employed to collect five water samples in triplicates from each University's halls of residence. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters. (pH, electrical conductivity(EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, hardness, nitrate, and Escherichia coli). Additionally, a multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 1200 students (600 females, 600 males) for a semi-structured questionnaire and observational checklist. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to determine associations between WASH variables and gender. The study reveals that 81.25% of drinking water sources met the criteria for basic service, as defined by the WASH service ladder. Sanitation facilities demonstrated marked heterogeneity, with safely managed sanitation ranging from 0% to 100% among institutions. Notably, hygiene facilities uniformly fell into the limited-service category across all surveyed universities. The results of the Water Quality Index (WQI assessment of the six Universities in Southwest Nigeria showed varying levels of water quality, with UI, OAU and FUTA having excellent WQI of 23.30, 49.90 and 49.00 respectively, FUNAAB and EKSU having good WQI of 55.70 and 57.50 respectively, and UNILAG having poor WQI of 131.90. Furthermore, the study found that 63% of students relied on packaged water as their primary drinking water source, while 34% depended on communal tap water. Although all students had access to flush toilets, the toilet- sharing ratios varied significantly, with 53% sharing facilities at a ratio greater than 10 students per toilet. All students had access to hand washing facilities, 60% lacked access to either water or soap for hand washing, and only 28% had access to both. The chi-square test results showed no significant (P > 0.05) associations between WASH variables and gender. Conclusively, the reliance on packaged water and high toilet-sharing ratios, coupled with the inadequacy of access to essential hand washing facilities highlights serious risks to personal hygiene, health and well-being of students. This study underscores the necessity for enhanced investments in WASH facilities and practices in Universities in Southwest Nigeria.
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    DIETARY INCLUSION OF SCENT LEAF (Ocimum gratissimum) AND DRIED CITRUS PEEL (Citrus sinensis) AS ANTI-OXIDANTS TO ALLEVIATE TRANSPORT STRESS IN JUVENILE Clarias gariepinus
    (2025-07-09) AMINU, RUTH OLUWASEYI
    ABSTRACT Fish transportation is a routine activity in aquaculture which may likely induce physiological stress due to handling, crowding, and fluctuating water quality.Oxidative stress is an oxidative imbalance caused by disability to detoxify free radicals during cellular metabolic activity. In preventing these oxidations, antioxidants are important. Synthetic antioxidants are commonly used to mitigate oxidative stress but natural antioxidants may offer a safer, more sustainable option for enriching immunity and improving fish survival. This study assessed the effect ofdried scent leaf (SL) and citrus peel (CP) as naturalsources of antioxidants to alleviateoxidative stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Nine iso-nitrogenous (40% CP) diets were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish which contained varied percentages; 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 SL and CP with 0 as the control diets for eight weeks. Two hundred and seventy C. gariepinus juveniles (6.42 ± 0.05g) were randomly distributed into nine dietary treatments. The growth and survival rate, hematology, histopathology of the gills, cortisol, antioxidant enzyme and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of C. gariepinus subjected to simulated transportation by road were assessed. Data obtained were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using IBM SPSS (version 25), turkey post-hoc test and R software. The results of the proximate analysis showed that fish fed with SL 10% and CP 7.5% had the highest crude protein(40.16±0.28, 40.61±0.29) respectively, while the highest fibre content were recorded in feed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP (5.77±0.10, 5.27±0.00) respectively. The highest mean weight gain (MWG) (2.79 ± 0.49g; 4.41 ± 0.99g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.49 ± 0.23g; 2.48 ± 0.46g), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), (3.74 ±0.58g; 6.20 ± 1.17g) were recorded in fish fed with 10% SL and 10% CP, respectively while the lowest FCR (1.28 ± 0.23g), SGR (0.53 ± 0.09g), and PER (3.20 ± 0.57g) were observed in fish fed with the control diets. Optimum survival was observed in fish fed with 7.5% SL, 2.5% CP and 10% CP. Fish fed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP had an increased packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) values compared to other treatments.Histopathologicalexaminations of the gills of fish revealed mild alterations in the 2.5% SL, 5.0% SL and 2.5% CP group.Cortisol levels did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) before and after transportation in fish fed with 7.5% SL and 5.0% CP diets.The antioxidant enzymes activities; superoxide dismutase (0.34 ± 0.07 µ/L), and catalase (0.44 ± 0.05 µ/L) of fish fed 10% SL increased significantly (p<0.05), and the malondialdehyde level of the fish fed with 10% SL (0.18 ± 0.02µ/LE-08 ) and 5.0% CP (0.81 ± 0.01µ/LE-08)decreased significantly (p<0.05)after transportation stress compared to the fish fed the control diets. In Conclusion, the dietary inclusion levels of 5% - 10% SL and 5% - 7.5%CP served as effective antioxidantsin alleviating transport stress in C. gariepinus juveniles.
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    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND MEDICINAL USES OF DATE PALM FRUIT (Phoenix dactylifera. L) IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA NIGERIA
    (2025-01-25) ABDULLAHI, TUNDE ABDULMALIK
    ABSTRACT Despite the date palm’s historical significance and nutritional value, its market values and potential remain underexploredin Nigeria due to varying circumstances that necessitate this study. Therefore, this study investigated date palm fruit's economic potential and medicinal importance(Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. A mixedmethod approach was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data from 117 marketers. This study gathered information on socio economic, nutritional and medicinal uses on date pam fruit from 31 wholesalers, 36 retailers, and 40 hawkers across Abuja six area councils using questionnaire. Socio-economic profiles, sales volumes, pricing trends, and market challenges were analysed using Cost and Return Analysis and regression models. The proximate analysis method was used to determine the nutrient content. The demographic profile indicated that 80.6% of marketers were male, with 78% having formal education, 42% completed secondary education, and 26% attended tertiary institutions. The average household size was six persons, with 63.3% of respondents indicating their primary occupation as date palm trading. The mineral content analysis showed that date palm fruits are highly nutritious, providing 277 Kcal/100g, 6.7g fiber, and essential minerals as potassium (696 mg/100g), magnesium (54 mg/100g), and calcium (64 mg/100g) highlighting their importance for public health and nutrition. Economically, date palm marketing demonstrated varying profitability. Wholesalers in Kwali reported the highest Return Per Capital Invested (RPCI) at 31.51%, with a profit margin of 23.96%, followed by retailers with an RPCI of 18.72%. In contrast, hawkers in Abaji recorded the lowest RPCI at 2.89% and a minimal profit margin of 2.78%. Peak sales occurred during Ramadan period, with demand increasing by over 50%, while lean periods reduced revenue, contributing to post-harvest losses exceeding 20% of total supply. Key challenges were limited access to capital (100% of marketers), pest infestations (85%), and inadequate storage facilities (63.75%), which exacerbated spoilage rates and financial losses. Poor road infrastructure increased transportation costs by up to 15%, further constraining profitability. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) between seasonal trends, market type, and sales volumes, underscoring the need for interventions tailored to market dynamics. This study showed that, the date palm fruit trade is male dominated, with traders relying on practical experience and traditional knowledge due to low levels of formal education. Seasonality significantly influences market dynamics, with peak sales during Ramadan and the dry season, while profitability is shaped by scale, demand fluctuations, capital constraints, and storage challenges. Nutritionally, date palm fruits are rich in carbohydrates and essential minerals but should be complemented with other foods due to their low protein content and lack of Vitamin C. Furthermore, this study establishes the medicinal value of dates, particularly in managing health conditions related to mineral deficiencies. This study further concludes that, Despite the small-scale nature of most trading operations, particularly among hawkers, the industry remains profitable, especially during peak sales periods.
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    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DATE PALM FRUIT MARKETING IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA NIGERIA
    (2025-09-28) ABDULLAHI, TUNDE ABDULMALIX
    ABSTRACT Despite the date palm's historical significance and nutritional value, its market values and potential remain underexplored in Nigeria due to varying circumstances that necessitate this study. This study investigated the economic potential of date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) marketing in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. In this study, information on socio-economic, nutritional and medicinal uses of date palm fruit was gathered from 31 wholesalers, 36 retailers, and 40 hawkers across Abuja's six area councils using copies of a questionnaire. Socio-economic profiles, sales volumes, pricing trends, and market challenges were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cost and Return Analysis and regression models. The proximate analysis method was used to determine the nutrient content. The demographic profile indicated that 80.6% of marketers were males, with 78% having formal education, 42% completed secondary education, and 26% attended tertiary institutions. The average household size was six persons, with 63.3% of respondents indicating their primary occupation as date palm trading. The mineral content analysis showed that date palm fruits are highly nutritious, providing 277 Kcal/100g, 6.7g fiber, and essential minerals as potassium (696 mg/100g), magnesium (54 mg/100g), and calcium (64 mg/100g) highlighting their importance for public health and nutrition. Economically, date palm marketing demonstrated varying profitability. Wholesalers in Kwali reported the highest Return Per Capital Invested (RPCI) at 31.51%, with a profit margin of 23.96%, followed by retailers with an RPCI of 18.72%. In contrast, hawkers in Abaji recorded the lowest RPCI at 2.89% and a minimal profit margin of 2.78%. Peak sales occurred during Ramadan period, with demand increasing by over 50%, while lean periods reduced revenue, contributing to post-harvest losses exceeding 20% of total supply. Key iv challenges were limited access to capital (100% of marketers), pest infestations (85%), and inadequate storage facilities (63.75%), which exacerbated spoilage rates and financial losses. Poor road infrastructure increased transportation costs by up to 15%, further constraining profitability. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) between seasonal trends, market type, and sales volumes, underscoring the need for interventions tailored to market dynamics. This study showed that, the date palm fruit trade is male dominated, with traders relying on practical experience and traditional knowledge due to low levels of formal education. Seasonality significantly influenced market dynamics, with peak sales during Ramadan and the dry season, while profitability is shaped by scale, demand fluctuations, capital constraints, and storage challenges. Nutritionally, date palm fruits are rich in carbohydrates and essential minerals but should be complemented with other foods due to their low protein content and lack of Vitamin C. Furthermore, this study established the medicinal value of dates, particularly in managing health conditions related to mineral deficiencies. This study concluded that, despite the small-scale nature of most trading operations, particularly among hawkers, the industry remains profitable, especially during peak sales periods.
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    EFFECTS OF CHARCOAL PRODUCTION ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE IN IMEKO-AFON, OGUN STATE
    (2024-08-25) OGUNBANWO, FOLORUNSO TAOFEEK
    ABSTRACT The study investigated the impact of charcoal production on greenhouse gas emission and land-use land-cover change in Imeko-Afon Local Government Area of Ogun State. The study was necessitated by the lack of information on the influence of charcoal production on GHG emissions and vegetation cover degradation in the study area. A gas analyser and portable air quality meter was used to collect data on CO2, CH4, and particulate matter (PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10) emissions from five sites; Araromi, Igbo-Ayin, Mowodani, Sagbala and Segile (the control site). A structured questionnaire was administered to seventy charcoal producers and sellers using a purposive sampling method to assess their level of awareness of the consequences of charcoal production and the volume of charcoal produced. The land-use land-cover changes from 2003 to 2023 were also assessed using the IDRISI Terset; a GIS software by which predictions was made till 2043. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive (frequency, percentages, means) and inferential (correlation, ANOVA and chi-square) statistics. The study revealed that the mean carbon dioxide emissions (ppm) from the site were significantly higher at Mowodani (5589.62), Araromi (4776.58), Sagbala (4684.27) and Igbo-Ayin (2927.83) compared to those obtained from Segile (444.82). Also, the mean methane emissions (ppm) from the site were significantly higher at Mowodani (638.74), Sagbala (538.55), Araromi (497.16) and Igbo-Ayin (418.17) compared to those obtained from Segile (10.44). The result of particulate matter emissions across the study locations showed a mean emission for PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 to be 54.79µ/m3, 107.66µ/m3 and 103.86µ/m3, respectively, in comparison to the mean obtained from the control sites which are 24.72µ/m3, 29.40µ/m3 and 49.53µ/m3, respectively, affirming that the mean emissions were indeed significantly different and positive. Respondents during socio demographic assessment reported an improvement in their standard of living (85.7%) and income (87.1%). Furthermore, 54.3% of the respondents wanted charcoal production to be discouraged and 60% were willing to try other economic activities. There is a positive relationship between the CO2 emission and charcoal production (p< 0.05 r=0.539) and between the CH4 emission and charcoal production (p< 0.05 r=0.419) across the study locations. The land-use land-cover change revealed that the built-up/bare surface increased by 6,148ha while the disturbed forest increased by 20,930ha. The woodland savannah and riparian vegetation increased by 290,715ha and 38,076ha respectively. However, the cultivated farmland decreased by 355,869ha. The remote sensing projection in 2043 revealed 0.81% reduction in the built-up/bare surface and an increase of 38.50% in disturbed forest while the woodland savannah and riparian vegetation would increase by 3.13% and 20.19% respectively whereas cultivated farmland is expected to reduce by 10.94%. The study concluded that there is a significant increase in GHG and particulate matter emissions (approximately 3.4001908 x 1014 tons CO2e) resulting from charcoal production in the study area with corresponding land cover change over the past two decades and a projected decrease in cultivated farmland in 2043. The study therefore recommends the creation of awareness and alternative energy sources to reduce carbon footprint for the charcoal producers through the REDD+ programme.
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    EFFECTS OF CHARCOAL PRODUCTION ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE IN IMEKO-AFON, OGUN STATE
    (2024-08-20) OGUNBANWO, FOLORUNSO TAOFEEK
    ABSTRACT The study investigated the impact of charcoal production on greenhouse gas emission and land-use land-cover change in Imeko-Afon Local Government Area of Ogun State. The study was necessitated by the lack of information on the influence of charcoal production on GHG emissions and vegetation cover degradation in the study area. A gas analyser and portable air quality meter was used to collect data on CO2, CH4, and particulate matter (PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10) emissions from five sites; Araromi, Igbo-Ayin, Mowodani, Sagbala and Segile (the control site). A structured questionnaire was administered to seventy charcoal producers and sellersusing a purposive sampling method to assess their level of awareness of the consequences of charcoal production and the volume of charcoal produced. The land-use land-cover changes from 2003 to 2023 were also assessed using the IDRISI Terset; a GIS software by which predictions was made till 2043. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive(frequency, percentages, means) and inferential (correlation, ANOVA and chi-square) statistics.The study revealed that the mean carbon dioxide emissions (ppm) from the site were significantly higher at Mowodani (5589.62), Araromi (4776.58), Sagbala (4684.27) and Igbo-Ayin (2927.83) compared to those obtained from Segile (444.82). Also, the mean methane emissions (ppm) from the site were significantly higher at Mowodani (638.74), Sagbala (538.55), Araromi (497.16) and Igbo-Ayin (418.17) compared to those obtained from Segile(10.44). The result of particulate matter emissions across the study locations showed a mean emission for PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10to be 54.79µ/m3, 107.66µ/m3 and 103.86µ/m3, respectively, in comparison to the mean obtained from the control sites which are 24.72µ/m3, 29.40µ/m3 and 49.53µ/m3, respectively, affirming that the mean emissions were indeed significantly different and positive. Respondents during socio demographic assessment reported an improvement in their standard of living (85.7%) and income (87.1%). Furthermore, 54.3% of the respondents wanted charcoal production to be discouraged and 60% were willing to try other economic activities. There is a positive relationship between the CO2 emission and charcoal production (p< 0.05 r=0.539) andbetween the CH4 emission and charcoal production (p< 0.05 r=0.419) across the study locations. The land-use land-cover change revealed that the built-up/bare surface increased by 6,148ha while the disturbed forest increased by 20,930ha. The woodland savannah and riparian vegetation increased by 290,715ha and 38,076ha respectively. However, the cultivated farmland decreased by 355,869ha. The remote sensing projection in 2043 revealed 0.81% reduction in the built-up/bare surface and an increase of 38.50% in disturbed forest while the woodland savannah and riparian vegetation would increase by 3.13% and 20.19% respectively whereas cultivated farmland is expected to reduce by 10.94%. The study concluded that there is a significant increase in GHG and particulate matter emissions (approximately 3.4001908 x 1014 tons CO2e) resulting from charcoal production in the study area with corresponding land cover change over the past two decades and a projected decrease in cultivated farmland in 2043. The study therefore recommends the creation of awareness and alternative energy sources to reduce carbon footprint for the charcoal producers through the REDD+ programme.
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    EFFECTS OF PLANTING MEDIA, SEED PRIMING AND PHYTOHORMONES ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLINGS’ GROWTH OFAnogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. and Perr. (AFRICAN BIRCH)
    (2024-07-20) OLUNUGA, ADELAJA MUYIWA
    ABSTRACT Anogeissus leiocarpus (African birch) is a multipurpose agroforestry tree species found in most savanna and woody grassland areas. The germination requirements and silvicultural information necessary for successful seedling establishment of the species are not widely explored. This study was conducted to assess effects of planting media, seed priming and phytohormones on seed germination and growth of A. leiocarpus. Seeds of different weights (10, 20 and 50 g) were soaked in hot water at 20, 40 and 60°C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively and percentage germinated were calculated.The effect of phytohormones on the germination of A. leiocarpus seeds was carried out using Gibberellic Acid (GA3), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) applied at 10, 20 and 30 ppm with a separate control and arranged in 3x3 factorial experiment with four replicates. The planting media wereRiver sand-50% + Top soil-50% (R50T50), River sand-75% + Top soil-25% (R75T25), River sand-100% + Top soil-0% (R100T0), River sand-0% + Top soil-100% (R0T100) and River sand-25% + Top soil-75% (R25T75) which were laid out in a completely randomized design. The study had five replicates and were observed for a duration of eight weeks. The datacollected on percentage germination and growth parameters including plant height (PH), collar diameter (CD), number of leaves (NL) and leaf area (LA)were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Analysis System (SAS vs 13.0). The means were separated using the Least Significant Difference at p≤0.05. Results obtained revealed that a combination of soil potting media significantly increased all measured parameters. A. leiocarpus seeds (10 g) soaked in 20°C of hot water for 15 minutes had the highest germination percentage (46.60%) at eight Weeks After Sowing (WAS) which was significantly different (p≤0.05) from other treatments while 50 g of seeds soaked in 60°C of hot water for 10 minutes recorded the least germination percentage (1.00%) at eight WAS. Seeds of A. leiocarpus soaked in GA3 at 10 ppm recorded the highest germination percentage (36.60%) while seeds soaked in IBA at 30 ppm recorded the least germination percentage (7.80%) at eight WAS. Seedlings grown in R75T25 treatment recorded the highest PHof 23.42±1.27 cm, CD: 0.38±0.08 mm, NL: 21.20±2.28 andLA: 26.25±2.30 cm2at eight WAS while seedlings grown in R50T50 treatment had the lowest PH (19.82±1.25 cm), CD (0.26±0.05 mm), NL (19.20±2.28) and LA (19.11±0.05 cm2). The study concluded that the use of GA3 at 10 ppm, 10 g of seeds soaked in 20°C of hot water for 15 minutes and R75T25 planting mediaaided the germination and growth of A. leiocarpus.Further investigations should be carried out to determine other priming methods for improved germination of A. leiocarpus seeds.
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    ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF PASTORALISM IN TWO SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA.
    (2024-06-25) EGBEJA, TSOBAZA IDRIS
    ABSTRACT Conflicts arising from utilization of natural resources among crop farmers and pastoralists have escalated in recent times in Nigeria. This study assessed environmental and social impacts of pastoralism in two selected Local Government Areas of Kogi State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling technique was employed to draw the sample for the survey. The first stage involved a purposive selection of four villages (Agbenema, Ajichekpa, Iyano and Opada) representing two Local Government Areas where pastoralists and farmers conflicts are prevalent. The second stage involved a snow-ball selection of 30 farmers and 10 pastoralists from each village. In total, 144 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Relative importance index (RII) was used to measure the magnitude of causes of the conflict, socio-psychological consequences of conflicts on rural livelihoods and the mitigation strategies associated with the management of the farmer-herder conflict. Plants were classified into various palatability classes by daily monitoring individual animal’s grazing preferences of different plant species, parts and condition for two successive years. The standard methods recommended by the American Public Health Association were adopted for determination of physical and chemical parameters of water. These parameters were pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), including heavy metals like; iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (ANOVA) statistics using Statistical Analysis System version 9.0 portable. Means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results revealed that causes of conflicts between farmers and pastoralists were crop destruction by cattle (RII =3.7), little respect for traditional rulers (RII =3.5) and contamination of stream by cattle (RII =3.4). Consequences of farmer-herder conflicts were sleepless nights (RII =3.14), feelings of fear and anxiety (RII =3.07), reductions in farm income (RII =2.9), reduction in crop yields (RII =2.6), incidence of death (RII =2.6) and farm destruction (RII =2.60). The effective strategies for conflict resolutions were dialogue between parties involved (RII =2.77), prayed for peace (RII =2.57) and intervention by traditional rulers (RII =2.53). Analysis of the palatability of plant species to grazing animals was shaped by a range of factors including the type of animal, seasonal fluctuations, habitat characteristics, and prevailing weather conditions. Physical and chemical analyses of water sampled from the study locations indicated values within the world health organization acceptable limits. There were significant (p < 0.05) spatial and seasonal variations in the physical and chemical parameters of the water. Heavy metals concentrations were mostly below detection limit, except for Pb with higher values during the wet season. Correlation coefficient showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between temperature and pH (r = 0.877), temperature and TSS (r = 0.748), EC and TSS (r = 0.850), and DO and BOD (r = 0.768) in both dry and wet seasons. This study showed that the conflicts between crop farmers and pastoralists negatively impacted various aspects of rural livelihoods, vegetations and river water in Kogi State.
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    ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF PASTORALISM IN TWO SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA.
    (2024-06-20) EGBEJA, TSOBAZA IDRIS
    ABSTRACT Conflicts arising from utilization of natural resources among crop farmers and pastoralists have escalated in recent times in Nigeria. This study assessed environmental and social impacts of pastoralism in two selected Local Government Areas of Kogi State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling technique was employed to draw the sample for the survey. The first stage involved a purposive selection of four villages (Agbenema, Ajichekpa, Iyano and Opada) representing two Local Government Areas where pastoralists and farmers conflicts are prevalent. The second stage involved a snow-ball selection of 30 farmers and 10 pastoralists from each village. In total, 144 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Relative importance index (RII) was used to measure the magnitude of causes of the conflict, socio-psychological consequences of conflicts on rural livelihoods and the mitigation strategies associated with the management of the farmer-herder conflict. Plants were classified into various palatability classes by daily monitoring individual animal’s grazing preferences of different plant species, parts and condition for two successive years. The standard methods recommended by the American Public Health Association were adopted for determination of physical and chemical parameters of water. These parameters were pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), including heavy metals like; iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (ANOVA) statistics using Statistical Analysis System version 9.0 portable. Means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results revealed that causes of conflicts between farmers and pastoralists were crop destruction by cattle (RII =3.7), little respect for traditional rulers (RII =3.5) and contamination of stream by cattle (RII =3.4). Consequences of farmer-herder conflicts were sleepless nights (RII =3.14), feelings of fear and anxiety (RII =3.07), reductions in farm income (RII =2.9), reduction in crop yields (RII =2.6), incidence of death (RII =2.6) and farm destruction (RII =2.60). The effective strategies for conflict resolutions were dialogue between parties involved (RII =2.77), prayed for peace (RII =2.57) and intervention by traditional rulers (RII =2.53). Analysis of the palatability of plant species to grazing animals was shaped by a range of factors including the type of animal, seasonal fluctuations, habitat characteristics, and prevailing weather conditions. Physical and chemical analyses of water sampled from the study locations indicated values within the world health organization acceptable limits. There were significant (p < 0.05) spatial and seasonal variations in the physical and chemical parameters of the water. Heavy metals concentrations were mostly below detection limit, except for Pb with higher values during the wet season. Correlation coefficient showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between temperature and pH (r = 0.877), temperature and TSS (r = 0.748), EC and TSS (r = 0.850), and DO and BOD (r = 0.768) in both dry and wet seasons. This study showed that the conflicts between crop farmers and pastoralists negatively impacted various aspects of rural livelihoods, vegetations and river water in Kogi State.
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    ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PARAQUAT USED IN FARMING ACTIVITIES ON SOIL, CROP, AND WATER IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES OF ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-12-21) ADETUNJI, OLUWABAMIKE WALIAT
    ABSTRACT Paraquat (PQ) is a toxic quaternary ammonium herbicide commonly used in Nigeria but has been banned and restricted in many countries because of its high toxicity. This study assessed the environmental and toxicological effects of paraquat residues in soil, water, and crops from (Awo, Bolo, Epe, and Roti) farms across four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Ondo State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey using copies of structured questionnaires were administered to 240 farmers to elicit information on the management and risk awareness of herbicide usage in the study areas. Soil samples (top and sub soil), water samples and two crop samples (during harvesting) were collected from each farm from May 2023 to March 2024. The physical and chemical parameters of soil and water samples were determined using standard procedures while PQ residues were extracted through standard methods and quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC). The resultant PQ residues in crops and water were administered to 24 Wistar rats that were divided into four groups (control, 0.01 mg/kg PQ, 3.09 mg/kg PQ and 8.14 mg/kg PQ) and toxicological effects were assessed using biochemical assays and histological examination. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics while means were separated with the Duncan Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05 using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20.0). The results revealed that 76.3% of the farmers had no training on herbicide usage, 76.7% used knapsack sprayer, 62.5% used gloves or mask, and 25.8% dressed in normal clothes without any protective equipment during herbicide application. Soil pH ranged from 5.98±0.14 to 7.73±0.10 and pH in water samples ranged from 5.40±1.04 to 7.47±0.83. Low concentrations of exchangeable cations were recorded in the soil samples for all farms with values ranging from 0.12±0.01 to 0.39±0.01 (K+), 1.09±0.05 to 1.29±0.13 (Ca2+), 0.30±0.01 to 0.38±0.01 (Na+), and 0.27±0.02 to 1.04±0.02 cmol/kg (Mg2+). PQ residues were detected in the soils of Awo and Roti farms throughout the year at concentration ranging from 0.001±0.000 to 0.547±0.009 and 0.006±0.000 to 2.174±0.115 respectively but only in July at Bolo farm at 0.039±0.006 mg/kg. In Epe farm, PQ was not detected in subsoil from September to March but residues detected ranged from 0.001±0.000 to 0.157±0.006 mg/kg. Higher levels of PQ were found in surface water less than 200 m away from the farms with concentration ranging from 0.001±0.000 to 0.068±0.001mg/L while PQ residues were found in all crop samples at concentration ranging from 0.006±0.00 to 8.09±0.04 mg/kg. The biochemical assays done on the serum, liver, and kidney tissues of Wistar rats, especially at the highest concentration detected in crops and water, revealed tissue damage, electrolyte imbalance, signs of tissue inflammation, and low antioxidant activities. The histological examination showed multiple protein casts on the tubular lumen of the kidney and inflammatory cell infiltration in the hepatic parenchyma of the liver. In conclusion, soil, water, and crop samples from the studied farms contained paraquat residues, which could lead to deleterious health issues in humans and animals when consumed.
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    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE ALONG SIUN/AJURA ROAD, OGERE REMO, IN IKENNE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OFOGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-08-23) LAWAL, OLAMIDE AFEEZ
    ABSTRACT Landfills remain a major facility for waste disposal in developing nations due to its cost-effectiveness, yet they pose significant environmental and public health risks. This study assessed the environmental impacts of the proposed landfill site by Ogun State Government at Ogere-Remo community. Seventeen (17) sampling sites including controls were selected for air quality assessment using MultiRae gas meter for Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon-dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO2) Sulphur (IV) oxide (SO2), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). A Portable Automatic Weather System was used to collect meteorological data. Soil samples, surface water, and groundwater were also collected and analysed for physico-chemical parameters such as OC, OM, pH, EC, TDS, NO3, SO42-, and heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cu in both water and soil were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS machine. In addition, two hundred and sixty (260) copies of the structured questionnaire were used for the analysis. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The air quality index (AQI) was calculated to classify the hazard rating of the air pollutants. Mean concentrations (µg/m3) of air quality parameters ranged between 67.33 – 162.33 (CO), 879.0.12 – 2293.83 (CO2), 0.00 – 2.76 (SO2), 231.17 – 1586.33 (VOCs), 42.17 – 1128.83 (CH4), 0.23 – 1.30 (H2S), 0.18 – 0.31 (NO2), 20.83 – 134.33µg/m3 (PM2.5), and 45.17 – 275.04µg/m3 (PM10) across the sampling sites. The mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the permissible limit except in one location (SP17). The concentrations of CO, CO2, VOC, CH4, SO2, H2S, and NO2 exceeded the allowable limits in all sampling sites. Concentrations of air pollutants varied significantly (p<0.05) across locations. The AQI of atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 varied from “moderate” to “unhealthy” for the sensitive group. Air Quality Index (AQI) rated CO in the air samples of the study area as “hazardous”. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in soil ranged from 2.151 – 5.322 (Pb); 1.152 – 3.839 (Cu); 2.464 – 8.470 (Zn), 7.151 – 11.147 (Cr), and 1.533 – 305.3 (Cd). The mean concentration in the topsoil and subsoil was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control site. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in soil were within the WHO limits, except for Cd (1.533 to 305.3 mg/kg). Most of the physico-chemical parameters in soil were within the recommended limits except EC values at 2500-5100 µs/cm at PTD31 and PTD41 points. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in leachates and water exceeded the WHO limits in about 90% of the sampling sites. Most of the physico-chemical parameters for both groundwater and surface water were within the recommended limits, except for leachates, which were above the optimal range. The mean values of bacteria ranged from 21.3 to 163.17 cfu/100 ml, while the high value of coliform bacteria exceeded the WHO and NSDWQ water quality standards (1 cfu/100 ml). 90% of the respondents indicated water and air pollution as the significant environmental hazard from the proposed landfill site. The study revealed that people living closer to the proposed landfill site experience health conditions such as asthma, diarrhea, recurring flu, malaria, cough, cholera, and skin irritation than those living farther away. In Conclusion, a sanitary landfill is the best option for the proposed landfill site.
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    EVALUATION OF SELCTED PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITE PRODUCED FROM THERMOPLSTIC WASTE AND WOOD SAWDUST
    (2024-07-25) ELAIGWU, Victor Onuminya
    ABSTRACT There are increasing environmental concerns on the need for sustainable materials for construction. Wood Plastic Composite (WPC), produced by the mixture of plastic wastes and lignocelluloses wastes offers a promising alternative to traditional wood products. This study evaluated selected physical and mechanical properties of WPC manufactured using recycled thermoplastic wastes of Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP), with wood sawdust of Albizia zigia, Cleistopholis patens and Alstonia boonei in the following ratios of 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 to achieve optimization for their applications. Separately prepared mixtures were compounded at 160oc in a twin-screw extruder. The resultant molten mixture, after extruding the die, was collected into a 22cmx4cmx4cm metal mould and compressed at 4.5 metric tons for one minute to form a composite block. The experiment was conducted in triplicates. Samples were sawn to dimensions recommended by the American Society for Testing and Materials. Physical and mechanical properties of (Density (D), Thickness Swelling (TS), Water Absorption (WA), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Impact Bending Strength (IBS) and Compressive Strength (CS)) were evaluated. The controls were wood samples of the species devoid of plastic. The results of selected physical properties showed that the density of A. zigia with PP at 30/70 had the highest mean value of 1.06±0.010 g/cm3, WA of A. boonei with PE at 50/50 had the least mean value of 0.67±0.010 % and TS of A.zigia with PP at 50/50 had the least mean value of 0.09±0.000 %. Analysis of variance on physical properties of wood species showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in density and TS, while A. boonie showed significant difference in WA. Hard wood species increased density and reduced WA and TS in WPC production. The results of mechanical properties showed that MOE of A. zigia with PE at 50/50 had the highest mean value of 9684.21±1063.76 MPa, MOR of A. zigia with PE at 30/70 had the highest mean value of 63.33±3.41 MPa, CS of A. zigia with PE at 50/50 had the highest mean value of 45.44±1.79 MPa and IBS of A. zigia with PE at 30/70 had the highest mean value of 16.51±1.10 J/cm. Analysis of variance performed on mechanical properties of WPC showed significant difference (p<0.05) in MOE, MOR and CS except IBS. Sawdust of wood species with higher mechanical properties combined with PE polymer enhanced better mechanical performance of produced WPCs. Promoting WPC production according to requirement will enhance its application in the field of structural construction. Keywords: wood plastic composite,thermoplastic, sawdust, recycling
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    GROWTH RESPONSE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, AND HEALTH PARAMETERS OF Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF SOAKED AND FERMENTED Enterolobiumcyclocarpum LEAF
    (2025-05-20) ABUBAKAR IBRAHIM TOYIN
    ABSTRACT High cost of conventional dietary protein ingredients sources such as soybean meal, in aquafeed production necessitates the exploration of cost-effective and locally available alternatives with limited relevance in human diet. This study investigated the performance, nutrient utilization and health of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed diets with graded (0, 10, 20, and 30%) levels of soaked and fermented Enterolobiumcyclocarpum leaf meal. Seven isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isoenergetic (314kcal) diets were formulated,the control diet without either meal and designated as TS1–TS3 (10%, 20%, 30% SEcLM) and TF1–TF3 (10%, 20%, 30% FEcLM). The feeds were fed to triplicate groups of fish at 3% body weight daily for eight weeks. Growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio and apparent protein digestibility (APD) parameters were monitored weekly. Blood samples were collected from each group for haematology and blood chemistry analyses, while the liver and mid gut were observed for histopathological studies. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that fish fed TF2 (20% FEcLM) and TF3 (30% FEcLM) achieved superior growth compared to the control. Final body weight for TF3 (13.85 g) and TF2 (13.12 g) significantly exceeded that of the control group (12.42 g). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was highest in TF3 (2.09%/day), compared to 1.91%/day in the control. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) also improved in TF3 (1.54), over the group fed the control (1.70). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) peaked in the group of fish fedTF3 (2.67), also surpassing the control diet (2.40). These results suggest that fermentation enhanced the nutritional quality of E. cyclocarpum leaves, likely by reducing anti-nutritional factors, improving nutrient value and nutrient availability. Haematological parameters remained within normal physiological ranges, indicating no adverse health effects. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) was highest in TF3 (31.3%) and TF2 (30.6%), compared to the control (27.6%). Haemoglobin concentration also followed this trend, with TF3 and TF2 recording 7.8 g/dl and 7.6 g/dl, respectively, versus 6.9 g/dl in the control group. Red Blood Cell (RBC) counts were 2.64 ×10¹²/L and 2.51 ×10¹²/L in TF3 and TF2, respectively, which were higher than the control (2.21 ×10¹²/L). White Blood Cell (WBC) levels remained stable across treatments, suggesting no immunological stress. Histological examination revealed no significant lesions in the liver and intestinal tissues of fish fed diets up to 20% FEcLM, though mild hepatocellular atrophy and enterocyte degeneration were observed at 30% inclusion in the soaked groups. Gut histomorphometry supported better nutrient absorption in the fermented groups, as evidenced by higher villi height and crypt depth. In conclusion, E. cyclocarpum leaf meal, particularly when fermented, can replace soybean meal in C. gariepinus diets at levels up to 30% without compromising growth or health.
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    HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS AND MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION LEVELS IN SELECTED PROCESSED VEGETABLES IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE/ NIGERIA.
    (2023-09-30) ODOFIN EDWARD OLUWAFERANMI
    ABSTRACT Processed vegetables are staple foods within Nigeria, serving as an all-year-round source of vitamins and fibre to consumers. Processing methods like sun drying can expose them to heavy metal and microbial contamination. This study assessed the health risk of heavy metals (HM) and microbial contamination in selected major processed vegetables through sun-drying consumed within Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Vegetable samples such as; Adansonia digitata (Luru), Cayennes frutescens (Shombo), and Abelmoschus esculentus (Orunla) were collected from three popular markets (Oja Oba, Ipata and Oja Tuntun) in Ilorin. Ground and sieved vegetable samples were digested with perchloric and nitric acid and analysed for HMs (Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Zn, and Cu) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Microbial assessment was carried out for Total Bacteria Count (TBC) and Total Fungi count (TFC) using standard procedures. Identification was based on biochemical analysis for bacteria and largely on morphological characteristics for fungi. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The health risk associated with consumption of the processed vegetable with respect to their heavy metal contents was assessed using the estimated daily intake, total hazard quotient, and hazard index (HI). The analysis of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn) in vegetables (Orunla, Luru, Ata gigun) from different markets (Oba, Tuntun, Ipata) revealed significant variations in the results. Abelmoschus esculentus had the highest levels of Pb (Tuntun: 12.26±1.71 mg/kg), Cd (Tuntun: 1.42±0.25 mg/kg), Cr (Tuntun: 1.42±0.25 mg/kg), and Zn (Tuntun: 71.31±4.37 mg/kg). Adansonia digitata exhibited the highest concentrations of Pb (Ipata: 18.20±18.72 mg/kg), Cd (Tuntun: 2.24±0.15 mg/kg), Cr (Ipata: 0.86±0.45 mg/kg), and Zn (Ipata: 62.39±3.25 mg/kg). C. frutescens showed the highest levels of Pb (Tuntun: 15.97±2.06 mg/kg), Cd (Tuntun: 2.72±0.16 mg/kg), Cr (Ipata: 1.47±0.26 mg/kg), and Zn (Ipata: 68.12±6.18 mg/kg) at a significance level of P<0.05.The order of abundance of HMs in vegetables was consistent at these markets and are as follows: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. The concentrations of HMs (Pb and Cd) exceeded the maximum permissible limits (0.3 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively) of FAO/WHO. The microbial analysis revealed the presence of coliforms, Bacillus species, and Aspergillus flavus. The TBC for the three vegetable samples from Oba market ranged from 1.5 × 106 to 4.0 × 106 Cfu/g and the TFC ranged between 0.1× 106 Cfu/g to 0.4 × 106 Cfu/g. In conclusion, the presence of coliforms and pathogenic fungi in the samples raises concerns about food safety and thus emphasizes the critical need for improved practices in processing vegetables especially through sun-drying. The HI values were greater than the permissible level of 1.0 indicating the potential non-carcinogenic adverse health effects for consumers. The Target Hazard Quotient values for Cd and Pb were greater than 1.0 in all the vegetable samples indicating potential health risk associated with the consumption of these vegetables. This study revealed potential health risks associated with eating sun-dried vegetables in the study area.