Thesis and Desertations

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    A NOVEL GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR BASED ON SILVER NANOPARTICLE (AgNP) STABILIZED WITH SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE (NaTPP) CROSS-LINKED CHITOSAN: DIRECT ELECTRON TRANSFER AND ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY
    (2024-09-15) BAMIGBADE, Akeem Adesina
    Abstract The development of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor has been the concern of many researchers mainly because enzymes based sensor despite having excellent sensitivity and selectivity, has the limitations such as poor stability, complicated enzyme immobilization, critical operating conditions such as optimum temperature and reproducibility, which hinder the sensor properties. The prevalence of renal problem globally justifies the need for the development of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor that can effectively and accurately detect glucose in any medium which can be very effective to the detection and treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study has developed a biocompatible non-enzymatic glucose biosensor, Direct electron transfer and electro-catalytic activity of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) stabilized with sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) cross-linked chitosan was studied. Silver nanoparticle was prepared and characterized by Fourier transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electro-catalytic activity of the synthesised AgNPs was investigated through potentiometric and amperometric techniques. The crystalline size of the AgNPs was revealed with XRD. The cubic face-centered structure of the synthesised silver nanoparticle was confirmed. This was supported by the observed sharp four diffraction peaks with peaks intense appearing at 2θ = 38.09°, 44.15°, 64.67°, and 77.54°. However, the SEM micrograph of the synthesised AgNPs revealed the spherical shape of AgNPs with a non-uniform granular shape attributed to bio-mediated ionic gelation process. The surface of the synthesised AgNPs has a spherical shape and slightly elongated with a big tendency to aggregate and form larger particle clusters. Whereas, FTIR spectra of AgNPs gave peaks at 1054 – 1645 cm-1 suggesting the presence of phosphonate linkages between ammonium, -NH3+ of chitosan and –PO32- moieties of NaTPP during cross linking process. The electro-catalytic oxidation of glucose at the electrode surface was examined and the mechanism involved in glucose oxidation was revealed. The silver nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNPGCE) showed a better electrochemical response towards glucose. This glucose sensor shows high sensitivity at +0.54 V. A low detection limit of 1.22 M taken the confident level to be 3, and wide linear range of 2 to 24 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9987 were obtained. The calculated parameters revealed that AgNPs has shown better overall electrochemical performance with a response which is better than enzymatic biosensor. The fabricated AgNPs sensor shows comparable sensitivity (98%) of the initial value after it was kept in air for 8 days, demonstrating the very good sensitivity and durability of the glucose sensing. The good adhesion towards electrode and structural stability of AgNPs could be ascribed to long-term stability of AgNPs sensor. Based on these results, the AgNPGCE is a promising glucose biosensor candidate for excellent determination of glucose level in any medium.
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    A PRPJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
    (2024-08-26) RASHEED, YUSUF OLAWALE
    ABSTRACT Grass family is undoubtedly the most important plant family to mankind, agriculturally, economically and ecologically. This study evaluated the differences in chemical composition of the grasses, Brachiariaruziziensis, CenchruspurpureusandMegathyrsusmaximus. the grasses were cutback and harvested at 6 weeks from 15cm above ground level. The experiment was subjected to one-way ANOVA with three replicates. The statistical analysis was analyzed using the standard methods outlined by AOAC (1995). The significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range of SAS (1999) package. The chemical composition of these grasses were significant differences in Crude Protein (CP), ash, Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) while, the estimated forage quality indices of these grasses were significant differences in Organic Matter (OM) and Metabolizable energy (ME). The higher CP in B. ruziziensis and C. purpureus and the lower value of CP in M. maximus is due to the genetic and environmental factors while, the higher ash content in both C. purpureusand M. maximus lower ash content in B. ruziziensis. B. ruziziensisand C. purpureushad higher CP content compared to M. maximus. Brachiariaruziziensis and C. purpureusare recommended as suitable options for ruminant diets while M. maximuscanbe used in combination with other forages.
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    ADDITION OF WILD BASIL LEAF POWDER AND ENSILING DURATION ON THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FERMENTATION QUALITY OF CENCHRUS PURPUREUSSILAGE
    (2024-11-15) MAJEKODUNMI, ABDUL-QADIR OLUGBENGA
    ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of wild basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaf powder inclusion and ensiling duration on the physical characteristics and fermentation quality of Cenchrus purpureus silage. The research aimed to assess how varying inclusion rates of wild basil (0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8%) at different ensiling durations (3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks) influence key silage parameters. Results indicated that wild basil inclusion did not independently affect the colour, odour, moisture, or moldiness of the silage; however, the interaction between inclusion rates and storage duration had significant impacts. The colour of the silage was better preserved with 4% and 8% wild basil inclusion at 9 weeks, likely due to the antioxidant properties of basil. Moldiness decreased over time, particularly at higher basil concentrations, suggesting antifungal properties. The study also found that the highest dry matter contentwith 8% inclusionat 3 weeks and lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid levels at 3 weeks were achieved with 0% and 1% wild basil inclusion, enhancing overall silage quality. Ammonia concentrations were reduced, and the Fleigh score, a measure of silage quality was highest at 8% wild basil inclusion at 6 weeks, indicating superior preservation and fermentation quality. The findings suggest that while wild basil does not alter the physical characteristics of silage alone, its interaction with storage duration can significantly enhance silage quality, particularly in terms of mold reduction, colour preservation, and fermentation efficiency.
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    AGRO–MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND INTER-CHARACTER RELATIONSHIP AMONG TWENTY ACCESSIONS OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
    (2025-07-03) OLALEYE, MONSURAT OLAJUMOKE
    ABSTRACT Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a vital crop worldwide, valued for its economic and nutritional importance. Information on genetic contribution and inter-character relationship between fruit yield and agro-morphological traits of twenty accessions of tomatoes is needed for improvement of tomato, hence this study was conducted. The research was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Ogun state (07° 20’N, 03° 23’°E) in April 2024 to July 2024 (early season) and July 2024 to November 2024 (late season). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates. Data were collected on number of days to emergence, number of days to flowering, number of days to maturity, number of fruits, stem girth (mm), peduncle length (cm), fruit length (cm), fruit width (cm) and fruit weight (g). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability level, Genotypic and Phenotypic variance, Heritability (Broad sense), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficient correlation were evaluated. In early season, accessions were significantly different from one another for days to maturity and number of fruits at (P≤0.01). In late season, accessions were significantly different from one another for days to flowering and days to maturity (at P≤0.01). Mean separation showed that accessions NHTO 0347 and NHTO 0258 in early season and accessions NHTO 0254 and NHTO 0355 in late season had the highest fruit traits. For early season, the phenotypic coefficient variation ranged from 22.44 for days to emergence to 546.37 for fruit weight while genotypic coefficient variation ranged from 9.48 for days to emergence to137.94 for number of fruits. High heritability was recorded for days to emergence, days to flowering, days to maturity, peduncle length, and fruit length. For late season, phenotypic coefficient variation ranged from 7.90 for days to maturity to 194.46 for fruit length while genotypic coefficient variation ranged from 7.47 for days to emergence to 166.14 for fruit length. All traits had high heritability in late season. For the principal component analysis (PCA), the eigen values were greater than one in both seasons and cumulatively accounted for 72.98% and 64.22% of the total variation for early and late seasons, respectively. Fruit weight was the highest contributor in both seasons for first principal component. There were significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation between days to maturity and days to emergence, days to maturity and days to flowering, number of fruits and stem girth, fruit weight and fruit width. In conclusion, significant genetic variation exists among the tomato accessions evaluated for days to flowering, days to maturity and number of fruits. The positive significant correlation between two traits would facilitate selection and simultaneous improvement, particularly for economically important traits. Accessions NHTO 0347 and NHTO 0258 in early season and accessions NHTO 0254 and NHTO 0355 in late season could be used as parents in breeding programme.
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    AN OPTIMIZED SERVERS' CONTROL AND CONGESTION AVOIDANCE MODEL FOR QUEUE NETWORK
    (2024-11-25) GBADEBO, ADEGBUYI DAVID
    ABSTRACT Researches on optimal control of servers in queue networks are enormous in literature but none of these had considered congestion control and servers' optimality concurrently. Since congestion control is a major factor in queue network management, the need to maintain a balance between servers' optimality and congestion control had become necessary. This study proposed a Fuzzy-Treap Based Servers' Optimal Control System (FTBSOCS) which is a dual model comprising of a fuzzy-based system and a Treap-based system implemented to minimize cost of servers' usage and customers’ losses due to congestion. Fuzzy logic was adopted to ensure optimal usage of available servers by applying a fuzzy rule-based method. This method was used to derive a fuzzified decision index which determined servers' deployment pattern. The Treap-based system was used to prevent network congestion by ensuring that customers arriving the queue network when it is saturated are managed to avoid dropping or starvation by transmitting them to a tree manager, from where they are re-transmitted for service upon the availability of an idle server. The FTBSOCS was benchmarked with Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), ANFIS-M/M/α and ANFIS-Treap. OMNeT++ was used as the simulation framework while dataset were randomly generated which served as input to the methods. With the inclusion of fuzzy logic in FTBSOCS, results indicated that average servers’ deployment was 21, 19, 15 and 16 for ANFIS, ANFIS-Treap, FTBSOCS and ANFIS-M/M/α respectively when there were 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network. This implied that the inclusion of fuzzy logic in FTBSOCS had minimized servers’ deployment. The average of percentage utilization of available servers was 21.6%, 18.4%, 17.2% and 15.3% for FTBSOCS, ANFIS, ANFIS-M/M/α and ANFIS-Treap respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network, indicating that FTBSOCS optimizes servers’ usage than the other methods. The average network throughput was 63.7Mbps, 63.4Mbps, 59.2 Mbps and 52.6 Mbps for ANFIS-M/M/α, FTBSOCS, ANFIS-Treap and ANFIS respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network. This shows that ANFIS-M/M/α had a comparative performance of < 0.5% over FTBSOCS while a comparative performance of 2.9% and 4.2% existed for FTBSOCS over ANFIS-Treap and ANFIS respectively. The average number of customers dropped was approximately 204kb, 185kb, 165kb and 17kb for ANFIS, ANFIS-Treap, ANFIS-M/M/α and FTBSOCS respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K and 48K customers in the network indicating that FTBSOCS had < 2% of the overall number of customers’ dropped. The average propagation delay was 29.5, 26.3, 13.4 and 13.3 nanoseconds for ANFIS-M/M/α, ANFIS-Treap, FTBSOCS and ANFIS respectively with 12K, 24K, 36K, 48K and 60K customers in the network. This indicated that FTBSOCS had a slightly worse performance of < 0.3% to ANFIS while FTBSOCS had a comparative performance of about 10.8% and 13.4% over ANFISM/M/α and ANFIS-Treap respectively. With these results, it was concluded that FTBSOCS was more optimal in the control of servers and congestion in queue network.
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    ANALYSIS OF CHILDOOD PHARYNGTIS MORBIDITY, INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND DOMESTIC PRACTICES IN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL AREAS OF IWO TOWN NIGERIA
    (2025-06-11) OKUNOLA, abidemi yemi
    ABSTRACT Childhood respiratory diseases arecaused bypathogensbutcommonly induced by exposuretoair pollutants.This studyexaminedthe contributionof indoorair qualityand domesticpractices to themorbidity ofchildhood pharyngitisinIwotown, Southwest Nigeria. Atotalofeightresidential (four modern and four traditional) areas were sampled using stratified random method. One hundred and twenty households were randomly sampled across the eight residential areas for indoor air quality monitoring. Aeroqual gas analyzer (S-300) was used to measure the level of indoorairpollutants[particulatematter(PMO.andPMto),carbon monoxide(CO),methane(CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NOz), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), sulphur dioxide (SOz) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] in indoorenvironment. Clinicalcasesofpharyngitis reportedbypatients aged 0 — 15 years (2019 — 2023) in Iwo were collected from the General Hospital. Additionally, 120 copies of structured questionnaire were administered randomly to children and care-giver in the sampled households to obtain information on housing condition, energy use, manifestation and management of pharyngitis. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools (SPSS 23.0). Results obtained indicated that the mean concentrationsof indoor air quality across the residential areas ranged between 18.45z9.20 to 44.04+24.23 pg/m(PMz.s), 34.38z27.03to82.42z32.79qg/m3(PMie),50.8117.26to124.30+137.11mg/m3(CO), 44.54z37.76to159.96+197.78mg/m3(CHP,),0.l5z0.07to0.29z0.06IIlg/m(NOz),0.09+0.13to 0.28z0.29mg/m’(H2S),0.04z0.07to0.l2A0.12mg/m^(SO2),and195.30z75.55to 453.19z683.53qg/m3 (VOCs). There were significant (p<0.05) spatial variations in the levels of the selected pollutants except NO2. Exceedances were observed in the concentrations of indoor PM2.5CO, NO2, SO2 and VOCs in all sampled areas compared to the WHO limits. The concentrationsofCHPandPMloexceededtheacceptablelimitsin75—87%oftheareas.Similarly, temporal variations(p < 0.05) were observedinthe levels of PMio (four residentialareas), PM2.5 (threeareas),COandNO2(twoareas),H2SandVOCs(oneareaeach).PMzsandPMiohad significant (p <0.05) positive correlation with CO (r = 0.278 — 0.400), CN4 (8' 0.184),SO2(r= 0.183 — 0.244) and VOC(r = 0.220 — 0.293).Dustre-suspension, fossil fuel emission, biomass fuelcombustionanddecompositionoforganicmatterwereidentifiedasmajorsourcesof pollutants. The distributionof pharyngitis casesshowed higher prevalence among children aged 0 5years(74.1%),andmales(51.5%).ThehotspotsofcasesincludedOjaale(12.0%),Feesu (10.0%), andPanada(9.6%) inthestudylocation.Thepeakofpharyngitis was observed inJanuary (200 cases) followedbyDecember(192 cases) from2019— 2023. Use of biomassfuel wasthe majorindependentpredictorofpharyngitiswithsignificantoddratio(OR=4.32,p<0.05), followedby living inmudhouses (OR= 3.09) and rooms with more than three occupants(OR = 2.66).Thisstudyrevealedthat,poorairqualityarisingfrombiomass fueluseintraditionalhouses aggravatedpharyngitismorbidityamongchildreninthestudyarea.
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    ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION IN NIGERIA
    (2025-06-24) OKOYE, CLETUS UCHE
    ABSTRACT Electric power generation in Nigeria is grossly inadequate, leading to high electricity supply-demand imbalance and consequently, low productivity. This study analysed the Nigerian electric power generation from 2004 to 2020. A statistical model was developed, evaluated and used to forecast monthly power generation in Nigeria from 2021 to 2030. In carrying out this research, a 17- year monthly generated power (2004-2020) data were collected from the National Control Centre, Osogbo, Nigeria while the corresponding weather data which include temperature, relative humidity, evaporation, rainfall and sunshine were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria. The time series power generation dataset was tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. The dataset was differenced for ADF statistics higher than the critical values and the P-value of 0.05 to remove trend, seasonality and outliers that account for its non-stationarity to improve the model accuracy. Six stochastic time series models comprising seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables (SARIMAX), Prophet, exponential smoothing state space (ETS), long short-term memory (LSTM) and hybrid SARIMA-LSTM were developed and evaluated. Eighty percent of the 2004-2019 data was used for model training while twenty percent of 2019-2020 data was used for testing. The accuracy of the models was assessed using three metrics which are mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean square error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) score. Python software tool was used to further authenticate the models. Parameters of the models were estimated using maximum likelihood method. The results of the model evaluation and diagnostic checks showed that SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1) (12) model fit yielded the lowest MAPE of 20.84% and MSE of 17, 975.47; indicating that it best captured the trend and seasonality of the dataset. An R² score of 0.2259 for the SARIMA model, while low, is still positive and acceptable. The SARIMAX model with MAPE, MSE and R2 score of 26.56%, 24,346.47 and -0.4200, respectively, performed less effectively compared to SARIMA model, despite the addition of exogenous variables. This suggests that the exogenous variables might not significantly enhance the power generation forecast or that a more optimised configuration is needed. The ETS, LSTM, Prophet and hybrid SARIMA-LSTM models had MAPE of 25.52, 33.31, 25.11 and 56.01%; MSE of 336,553.46, 460,134,500.24, 305,422,656.96 and 679,097,189.60; R² scores of -0.0087, -0.1872, -0.0850 and 0.0562, respectively. The relatively high error in ETS, Prophet, LSTM and SARIMA-LSTM models indicates that they could not handle the data's monthly seasonality and trends. The SARIMA (0,1 1) (0,1,1) (12) model, therefore, proved useful for forecasting future power needs of Nigeria, having performed best across all metrics and capturing the linear trend and seasonality effectively. The forecasted power generation ranged from 100,045.222 MW in January 1, 2021 to 124,354.978 MW in December 1, 2030. This study has shown that the developed SARIMA model can be appropriately deployed in analysing the electric power needs of Nigeria for strategic energy planning and development of power generation infrastructure.
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    ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL AND NON-TECHNICAL LOSSES IN AN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    (2024-09-04) ERINOSHO, JEREMIAH OLUWAMAYOWA
    ABSTRACT The quality of service delivery from electricity distribution networks (EDNs) despite the huge post-privatization intervention fund provided by the Federal Government of Nigeria is still far from being satisfactory due to aggregate technical, commercial and collection (ATC&C) losses. This study evaluated ATC&C losses in an EDN using FUNAAB 33kV and Obantoko 11kV distribution network feeders as case studies. The weekly data of injected power, energy consumed and energy billed on both feeders were collected from Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC) for a period of six years (2018-2023). The power losses and voltage drops on the feeders were calculated using the formulated power equations comprising the parameters load factor, conductor length, conductor cross-sectional area, conductor resistivity,maximum feeder loading, line voltage and power factor. The billing data were analysed to determine the commercial and collection losses. Physical assessment of the feeders as built was also carried out. The obtained results revealed that the highest power losses of 11.74 and 6.682 MW, respectively, were observed on FUNAAB 33 kV and Obantoko 11 kV feeders. These losses which occurred in the year 2022 corresponded to 5.86 and 10.85% losses in power, of 200.4 and 61.56 MW, respectively, injected into both feeders. The voltage drop on FUNAAB 33 kV feeder over the study period ranged between 11.21 to 12.14% while it ranged between 17.96 to 18.45% on Obantoko 11 kV feeder. These values were found to exceed the permissible 10% limit of the operating voltage. The highest voltage drop of 12.14 and 18.45%, respectively observed on FUNAAB 33 kV and Obantoko 11 kV feeders occurred in the year 2022. Further observations revealed that 68% of the 20.26 km length of Obantoko 11 kV feeder involved the use of under-rated 70 mm2aluminium conductor (AlC), leading to high power loss and voltage drop unlike FUNAAB 33 kV feeder where 63% of the 57.4 km length of the line was constructed with the standard 150 mm2AlC. Analysis of commercial and collection losses on both feeders revealed a remarkable energy accountability challenges throughout the study period, a continual gap in energy received and billed was evident.The highest commercial loss of ₦3,683,071 on FUNAAB 33 kV feeder occurred in the year 2022 while the collection loss was highest in the year 2020 at a worth of ₦328,752,293. Similarly, the highest commercial loss of ₦4,202,467experienced on Obantoko 11 kV feeder occurred in the year 2023 while the highest collection loss of ₦149,056,487 was experienced in the year 2021.These results were indication that feeder characteristics, billing and consumer enumeration systems were key factors that appreciably influenced ATC&C losseson the case feeders. The aggregate technical, commercial and collection losses analysed in the study revealed the operational inefficiencies of the considered electricity distribution network feeders.
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    ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL METABOLITESFROM MEDICINAL HERBS; Caricapapaya, Mangiferaindica And Gossypiumhirsutum ON PERIODONTAL ISOLATES.
    (2024-08-25) AKINKUNMI, OPEYEMI BAMIDELE
    ABSTRACT The increasing level of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens is a major concern in public health sector. This necessitates for more research in search of newer potential drug components. This study aimed at determining the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungal metabolites. The medicinal plants, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica and Gossypium hirsutum were collected and identified at Botany Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Fungal isolates were obtained from the plant parts (leaves, roots and stems) by surface sterilization to remove debris and epiphytes present in the plant parts, and were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar plates. Fungal isolates were characterized using a combination of morphological and molecular techniques. The submerged fermentation was done by sub-culturing the isolates of the filamentous fungi on Potato Dextrose Broth, incubated on a rotary shaker for 18 days for the purpose of the release of their metabolites and finally macerated to obtain the extracts. The obtained extracts were tested by agar well diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for antimicrobial activity against bacteria implicated in periodontal isolates. These include Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcusfaecalis. The crude extracts were analyzed with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry while pharmacokinetic properties of metabolites were evaluated using in silico methods. Data obtained were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and values were recorded as mean ±SEM. Four endophytic fungal isolates obtained from the plants were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium notatum and two different strains of Aspergillus niger. The zones of inhibition of the fungal extracts ranged froml 8.0 ± 1.0 mm to 23.0 ± 1.0 mm where Aspergillus niger produced metabolites with the most potent inhibitory properties. However, no zone of inhibition was observed on E. coli showing that the E. coli strain was resistant to all the extracts used in this study. The MIC and MBC values ranged from (3.13 µg/mL - 12.50 µg/mL) and (6.25 µg/mL- 5.00 µg/mL) respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts showed the presence of several compounds including acetic acid, oxoprophines, 6-heptenoic acid, ethyl ester, oleic acid, nonanoic acid. It was observed that A. niger extracts through GC-MS had the highest peak value of 36.79a.u. In silico studies revealed favorable binding interactions between the ligands and the target protein, indicating potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that all ligands examined in this study passed the Lipinski rule with no violation. The molecular characterization of the fungal isolates revealed Trichoderma harzianum NAS120-M44, Aspergillus niger AMUAN-1 and Aspergillus niger ASP-599. This study showed that the antibacterial activity exhibited by the endophytic fungi and the bioactive compounds of these plants possess a great potential for drug discovery.
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    ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF DIFFERENT LEGUMES AS AFFECT BY DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS.
    (2024-11-23) JUNAID, SEFIU AYODELE
    ABSTRACT This research was conducted to antinutritional factors and mineral contents of different legumes as affect by different processing methods. The study was laid out as 3 x 2 factorial arrangements in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replicates (Blocks). The 3 factors were processing methods (fresh, wilt and Sundry) and legumes (Lima bean/Butter bean; (Phaseolus lunatus) and Sensitive jointvetch (Aeschynomene histrix). Data collected were subjected to twoways analysis of variance and the treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range. Results showed that processing methods on the antinutritional factors of some selective legume in were significant (p<0.05) different, highest value of Phytate (0.64mg/kg) were recorded in A. histrix while Oxalate, Sponin, and Tannin have highest value on P. lunatus (2200.00, 3565.36, and 571.72mg/kg). Effect of processing methods on mineral content of some selective legume were significant (p<0.05), CP, P, Mg, k, Cu, and Mn have higher content of (0.37, 0.25, 0.35, 0.17, and 0.18g/100g) were found respectively in A. histrix along the table. Interaction effect of species and drying methods on antinutritional factors and mineral content of some selected legumes were significantly (p<0.05) except Phytate which have higher value in A. histrix without processing,Oxalate, Saponin and Tannin were observed with higher value in P. lunatus without any processing methods. All mineral content Ca, P, Mg, K, Cu, and Mn were recorded with higher value in A. histrix with sun dry processing methods. It was concluded from the result that Sun drying can abduct as a means of forage processing for reduced anti-nutritional factors and high mineral contents.
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    APPLICATION OF THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR FOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF NIGERIA POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORK
    (2024-09-20) BASIRU WASIU OLALEKAN
    ABSTRACT The population and industrial growths coupled with the limited capacity of the power transmission grid in Nigeria has created a wide margin between electricity supply and demand, with attendant high power loss and voltage instability. The desire for efficient power quality delivery to electricity customers has led to emergence of flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS). This study examined the effect of thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), a series FACTS compensator, on the performance of the Nigerian 330 kV, 30-bus electric power transmission grid. The static response of power system without and with TCSC compensation was modelled using Newton-Raphson based load flow equations. The NEPLAN software was employed for the simulation of the system response without and with compensation. The voltage magnitudes and line loadings of the system were determined and compared with appropriate operating limits to identify possible violations. The system active power loss was also evaluated. The obtained resultsrevealedthatbefore the compensation, six buses which are Gombe,Kano, Jos,NewHaven,CalabarandOnitsha withvoltagemagnitudesof0.6608,0.8138,0.8141,0.9002, 0.9319 and 0.9466 p.u., respectively, violated statutory voltage limit of 0.95 to 1.05 p.u. The system overallactive power loss was219.08MW. TwobranchesOkapi-CalabarandAlaoji-Calabar also exceededthe recommended voltage-ampere limit of 80% with 101.69and 84.19 % loadings, respectively. The installation of TCSC in the system mitigated all thevoltagemagnitudeviolations with constrained bus voltages improved to 0.9715,0.9777, 1.0022, 1.0247, 1.0043 and 1.0312 p.u., respectively; the values which are now within the statutory limit. The overall active power loss of the system decreased to 174.06 MW, giving an improvement of 20.55% in the active line flow. However, Alaoji-Calabar branch with a loading of 80.61% was still overloaded. The installation of TCSC and an additional line across the branch further improved the overall voltage profile of the system and eliminated the line loading violations. The overall active power loss further reduced to 161.54 MW, leading to an improvement in the active line flow by 26.26%. The results showed that the combined use of TCSC and line expansion produced a better impact on the system bus voltage and power profiles along the transmission network. The compensation provided by the thyristor controlled series capacitor together with the line expansion improved the performance of the Nigerian electric power grid and system bus voltages.
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    ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON DISEASE INCIDENCE ACROSS MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-08-20) OLADELE, ABDULWASI OLASUNBO
    ABSTRACT Weather parameters play a role in the phenomenon of disease pandemics all over the world. This research studied climate variability impacts on the incidence of diseases in the three main metropolitan areas (Egba, Yewa and Ijebu) of Ogun state, Nigeria. This study determines the climate variability impacts on the incidence of diseases in Ogun state. Hospital data such as uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, typhoid, cholera, measles, meningitis, pneumonia, dengue, plague and climate data of maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine and evaporation, over a period of ten years record between 2024 and 2023 were collected from the Ministry of Health Management Board, Ogun state and the Nigerian Meteorological Agency respectively. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the selected independent variables and the selected dependent variables using SPSS window version 23 statistics. The trend of weather parameters in the state revealed that temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine and evaporation have a positive trend pattern from year to year particularly, in the years 2015, 2017 and 2019. The regression equations were: Y = 0.999x – 0.915 and Y = 0.999x – 0.915,Y = 0.998x – 0.1, Y = 0.998x – 0.45, Y = 0.999x – 0.216, Y = 0.999x –– 0.283. Hence, the regression model detected that Uncomplicated malaria was highly predictable with an accuracy of 99.9 % from the linear combination of the climatic parameters. Therefore, this showed a predictive error of 4.2 %. In Egba area of Ogun state, the variability impacts on the incidence of diseases was statistically localized. Meanwhile, the regression model for Yewa area detected Measles were highly predictable with an accuracy of 99.8 % from the linear combinatioin of the climatic parameters indicating an error of 3.3 %. In Yewa area of Ogun state, the variability impacts on the incidence of diseases were also statistically different. Furthermore, the regression model for Ijebu area revealed predictable accuracy (99.8 %) for Pneumonia and climatic parameters showing predictive error of 8.9 %. Furthermore, the Ijebu area of Ogun state showed the variability impacts on the incidence of diseases with statistical variation. The regression analysis in terms of sex and age vulnerability revealed that Ijebu, Egba and Yewa had high rates of the diseases; depicting more prevalence in male than female and more in children than adults. The regression analysis clearly proved that there were cases of incidence of diseases triggered by climate variability. The incidence of uncomplicated malaria was extremely high in Yewa. The implication of this implied that indigenes in Ogun state were susceptible to been vulnerable to climate variability. Although, the degree of impacts varied based on geographical locations. Conclusively, this study found that there were climate variability impacts on the incidence of diseases in the studied areas.
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    ASSESSINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEALUMINIUMANODECATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM ON OIL STEEL PIPELINE ALONG THE MOSIMI- IBADAN SEGMENT IN NIGERIA.
    (2025-06-17) AJAYI,ISAIAHKEHINDE
    ABSTRACT Pipeline networks are capital intensive yet efficient and safer method for transporting petroleum products, offering lower distribution costs compared to alternatives. However, the steel used in pipeline construction is highly susceptible to corrosion, which can compromise structural integrity, reduce service life, and increase maintenance costs. Therefore, the effectiveness of Aluminium sacrificial anode cathodic protection (CP) system on a multi products steel pipeline along the Mosimi-Ibadan segment is assessed in this study. Soil samples from three locations of Redeem, Ogere, and Olorunda were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. The steel corrosion rates, and impedance were determined in soil solutions using Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The corrodedsteel samples from these test locations were characterizedusing X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-DispersiveX-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) to determine crystalline structure, surface morphology, and elemental composition,respectively. The results from potentiodynamic polarization showed the steel sample atOgere hadthehighest corrosionrate(2.82 mm/yr),which correlated withthelowestpH(5.8) and highest conductivity (0.22 dS/m). This was followed by that from Olorunda, with a corrosion rate of 0.96 mm/yr, pH of 6.4, and conductivity of 0.20 dS/m while the sample at Redeem exhibited the lowest corrosion rate (0.68 mm/yr), with a pH of 7.3 and conductivity of0.14dS/m.Additionally,OgereshowedthehighestCorrosionProtectionEfficiency(CPE) of 67%, followed by Olorunda (19%) and Redeem (13%). The EIS results indicated higher impedance and better corrosion resistance at Redeem, followed by Olorunda, while Ogere exhibitedthelowestimpedance.TheXRDanalysisrevealedlowFe₂O₃contentatRedeem, moderate levels at Olorunda, and high levels at Ogere. The phases revealed on samples from Ogere, showedlittle presence of SiO₂ (2.25%), compared to Redeem (0.34%) and Olorunda (0.33%).TheSEManalysisshowedasmoothsurfaceatsamplesfromRedeem,severepitting corrosion at Ogere, and interconnected corrosion features at Olorunda. Also, iron depletion supported the level of corrosion of the samples which stood at 60.02, 70.02, and 70.17% at Ogere, Olorunda and Redeem respectively, compared to a baseline of 96–98% as shown in EDX. These findings highlighted the influence of soil chemistry and sacrificial anode cathodic protection on pipeline corrosion. The study revealed that the Aluminium anode cathodic protection system employed on the pipeline was effective at the Ogere section.
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    ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIALACTIVITIES OF IWGELLA SATINA SEED EXTRACTS AGAINST CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT CLINICAL BACTERIAL ISOLATES
    (2026-10) ADIO,IYABODE TOYIN
    areresistancetothe antibioticsthatarecommonly‘usedfortheirtreatment.Ther"efore,thereis theneedto developasafeandeffectivealternativeto combattheinfections causedbythese multipledrugresistantbacteria.Thisstudyaimedatassessingtheantimicrobialactivitiesof. tbreedifferentextractsof\'pe/lasofiv‹iseedagainstcarbapenem-resistantclinicalbacieria'l"' isolates.Thirty-three(33)bacterialisolatesfromdifferentclinicalsamples(blood,sputum,’ wound scab. earscab, urine,stool, centrallineswab) used in thisst (id\’’iveteobtainedtroiii threedifferentsolventswhichweien-hexanc,iiiethanolandsteriledistilledPatelusing Jacceleratedsolvent extractionmethod. "I'lie c-ritde extracts ofthe .X\.sariveeds were subjecte‹i. tc›qualitativephytochemicalscreeningusingstandardmethods.Gas-ChromatographyPass-Spectrophotometry(GC-MS)analysiswasalsOcaiTiedouttoidentimajorphytochemicals andfattyacidsintheextracts.Theantibioticsusceptibilitytestsandminimum*’inhibitory’ concentration(UC) etcdeterminedusingagarwelldiffusionandserialdilution"m‹ithods: “ respectively.Datawereanalyzedusinyone-ayanalysisofvariancewith P<0.05considered statisticallysignificant.Thepotencyofthe.â*..safiv‹iextracts»asassessedusingmolecular docking.Fromthethirty-three(33)testedisolatesobtained.54.5%(n=l8)wereresistanttoone or worecarbapeneliiantibiotics; 39.4% (n=13), 36.4% (n—12) and 45.5% (n=l5) were resistant toiirtipencm,meropcficiTiandertapencm,rcspcctitelf’.F'rcmthePCkresult.5.1.s%ofthe isolates carried one or two of the carbapenemasegenes. T“he aqueous extract Sf.â. .sativa seed showednotoneofinhibitionagainstthetestedisolates.Then-hexaneextracthadzoneof MicrobiologIdiaSnosticlaboratoriofBabcockUnivers-ityTeachingho.s.pital*lli:san-remo* inhibitionthatrangedfrom26+3mmto6+4mmwhilethemethanolicextracthadzoneof inhibitionfrom124mmto6-£3mm.TheMICrangedfrom40mg/mLto120mg/mL.The qualitativepliytochemicalscreeningindicatedthepresenceofcardiacglycosides,steroids, phenols in all three extracts. Other phytocheinicalspresent included alkaloids, saponins, terpenoidsandflavonoids(methanolextract).tannins,alkaloidsandterpernoids(n-hexane extract) and flavonoids (aqueous extract). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of differentfattyacidswhichinclude9,12-Octadecadienoicacid.Octadecanoicacid.i-lexadccaooic °.cid. Cyclopropane,l,l-dichloro-2,2.3.3-tctramethyl, Methyl s:cara:e. PropyleneglycolMonoleateand11,13-Eicosadienoicacid.TheGC-MSresultswhendocked withthepenicillinbindingproteinofthebacteriarevealedPropyleneglycolSlonoleaietoliaxe thehighest bindingnegativeenergy.Thisstudy suggeststhat1S’igellasativaseedextracts (methanoland n-hexane) possess antimicrobialactivities against carbapenemresistantbacteria.
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    ASSESSMENT OF BACTEREMIA AND MYCOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN SEVERE ACUTE MALNOURISHED (SAM) INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN POPULATION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-08-22) OYENEKAN, OLUWATOSIN GANIYAT
    ABSTRACT Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children, it suppresses the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility and severity of infections. Presence of Bacteria and Mycotoxins in Severe Acute Malnourished (SAM) children are a significant concern making these children highly vulnerable to the harmful effects of fungal toxins and bacteria due to their weakened immune system and often poor diet. Severe Acute Malnutrition in children is often attributed to food mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia, and liver enzyme derangement. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia and functionality parameters among SAM children in Ogun State. A Socio-demographic survey was carried out on 40 voluntary participants (mothers/caregivers) to know their level of mycotoxin awareness, knowledge and attitude towards childhood infections and avoidable causes using semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from twenty (20) confirmed SAM children enrolled after clinician’s assessment as recommended by the laboratory protocols. Using spectrophotometric methods, blood samples were screened forserum enzymes, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)which served as diagnostic indicators for some diseases. Urea, Electrolytes (sodium, potassium,chloride, bicarbonate) and creatinine were assessed using ABX Pentra 400 C Analyzer.Full blood countwas done using Medonic Automated blood Analyzer. Blood samples for bacteriological analysis were cultured on Brain Heart Infusion broth, and isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer using disc diffusion method using 10 antibiotics belonging to 4 classes of antibiotics. Extraction and quantification of mycotoxins from blood was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used for the statistical analyses (P < 0.05). The level of awareness of mycotoxins and childhood infection as well as avoidable causes was very low (14%) among caregivers (p < 0.05). The mean value for ALP and AST activities among the test group were normal while ALT (39.1 U/L) was higher than acceptable standard (25 U/L). Hyponatremia was found in 35% of the samples, 10% had hypokalaemia and hypochloremia (low chloride) while 55% had no electrolyte derangement. The mean value for packed cell volume, white blood cell, neutrophiles and lymphocyte counts were 39.9%, (5.9 x 109/L), 52.4% and 41.6% respectively. Two (10%) of the SAM children had bacteraemia (Escherichia coli) growth and the isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Cotrimoxazole.The prevalence of Ochratoxin was 55% while Aflatoxin was 45%. The highest mycotoxin concentration identified was Aflatoxin B1 (19.7844 µg/ml) while the lowest was Ochratoxin (0.0399 µg/ml). The ranges of the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin were 0.1169ug/ml to 19.7844 u ug/ml and 0.0399 to 0.1171ug/ml, respectively. This study showed that attitudes of caregivers towards childhood infection and avoidable causes is very low, no association was found between bacteremia and level of mycotoxins and serum enzymes deranged in 10% of the children which contributed to mortality in SAM children.
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    ASSESSMENT OF BACTEREMIA AND MYCOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN SEVERE ACUTE MALNOURISHED (SAM) INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN POPULATION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-03-18) OYENEKAN, OLUWATOSIN GANIYAT
    ABSTRACT Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children, it suppresses the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility and severity of infections. Presence of Bacteria and Mycotoxins in Severe Acute Malnourished (SAM) children are a significant concern making these children highly vulnerable to the harmful effects of fungal toxins and bacteria due to their weakened immune system and often poor diet. Severe Acute Malnutrition in children is often attributed to food mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia, and liver enzyme derangement. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia and functionality parameters among SAM children in Ogun State. A Socio-demographic survey was carried out on 40 voluntary participants (mothers/caregivers) to know their level of mycotoxin awareness, knowledge and attitude towards childhood infections and avoidable causes using semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from twenty (20) confirmed SAM children enrolled after clinician’s assessment as recommended by the laboratory protocols. Using spectrophotometric methods, blood samples were screened forserum enzymes, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)which served as diagnostic indicators for some diseases. Urea, Electrolytes (sodium, potassium,chloride, bicarbonate) and creatinine were assessed using ABX Pentra 400 C Analyzer.Full blood countwas done using Medonic Automated blood Analyzer. Blood samples for bacteriological analysis were cultured on Brain Heart Infusion broth, and isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer using disc diffusion method using 10 antibiotics belonging to 4 classes of antibiotics. Extraction and quantification of mycotoxins from blood was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used for the statistical analyses (P < 0.05). The level of awareness of mycotoxins and childhood infection as well as avoidable causes was very low (14%) among caregivers (p < 0.05). The mean value for ALP and AST activities among the test group were normal while ALT (39.1 U/L) was higher than acceptable standard (25 U/L). Hyponatremia was found in 35% of the samples, 10% had hypokalaemia and hypochloremia (low chloride) while 55% had no electrolyte derangement. The mean value for packed cell volume, white blood cell, neutrophiles and lymphocyte counts were 39.9%, (5.9 x 109/L), 52.4% and 41.6% respectively. Two (10%) of the SAM children had bacteraemia (Escherichia coli) growth and the isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Cotrimoxazole.The prevalence of Ochratoxin was 55% while Aflatoxin was 45%. The highest mycotoxin concentration identified was Aflatoxin B1 (19.7844 µg/ml) while the lowest was Ochratoxin (0.0399 µg/ml). The ranges of the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin were 0.1169ug/ml to 19.7844 u ug/ml and 0.0399 to 0.1171ug/ml, respectively. This study showed that attitudes of caregivers towards childhood infection and avoidable causes is very low, no association was found between bacteremia and level of mycotoxins and serum enzymes deranged in 10% of the children which contributed to mortality in SAM children.