Theses and Desertations

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RESPONSE OF GROWING PIGS TO DIET CONTAINING BLACK SOLDIER LARVAL MEAL SUBSTITUTED FOR SOYA BEAN MEAL
(2023-01-23) AKINTOLA KEHINDE AKINDELE
ABSTRACT To improve the nutritional quality of livestock diets for optimum performance Black Soldier Larva meal was research in this study. This study evaluated the response of growing pigs fed diets containing Black Soldier Larval Meal (BSFLM) substituted for Soya Bean Meal (SBM). Twenty-four (24) crossbred (Large white x Landrace) male and female growing pigs with initial average body weight of 18.25kg were used for the study. Pigs were randomly allotted by the use of weight equalization tool (WE Tool) into four treatment groups, each with six replicates. Four experimental diets were formulated such that BSFLM replaced SBM at 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels. Data were collected on growth performance, carcass evaluation, intestinal morphology, microbial count and nutrient digestibility. The results showed that growth response of pigs fed the experimental diets were not significantly (P>0.05) affected across the levels of BSF used. Full gut which was significantly (P<0.05) influenced in pigs on 20, 0, 10% diets recorded highest percentage while 30% recorded least percentage. Lamina propria depth were not influencedsignificantly (P>0.05) with highest of 337.50 in pigs on 20% diet. In digestibilityparameters measured were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the percentage BSF replaced soy bean. Total bacterial Count had the highest(P<0.05) value of (1.25) in pigs on the control diet compared to other percentage BSF replacement of soy beans. Urinary nitrogen, total nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the levels of BSF used. The study concluded that the dietary inclusion of BSFLM did not significantly affect growth performance, nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility of grower pig
EFFECTSOF ACCESS TO LOAN ON THE FOOD INSECURITYSTATUS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA
(2023-01-25) ADEDIGBA ISREAL
ABSTRACT Historically, Nigeria has been plagued with declining food security, arising from inadequate agricultural financing. This menace had reduced the prospects of economic growth and increased the level of starvation in the country. Thus, this study evaluated the role of loan access on rural household food insecurity status in Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 14,671 rural households for the study. Secondary data on rural households’ socio-economic characteristics, sources of credit accessed, factors influencing credit use and food insecurity status of the rural households from the 2018/2019 Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) dataset was used for this study. Data collected were analysed using descriptive (frequency counts, percentages, means) statistics, the Foster, Greer and Thorbeck (FGT), Double Hurdle Model and Probit regression models. Results shows that 83.7% of the respondents were male, 57.1% were married and 62.2% had formal education with a mean age and household size of 48years and 6 persons respectively. Most (71.9%) of the respondents owned agricultural land but 53.5% have no right to sell land and 87.9% do not own agribusinesses. Also, 74.1% of the household heads applied for credit, and 25.9% obtained credit while 14.6% sourced their credit from friends/relatives with an average amount of ₦67,832.63 accessed. The Double Hurdle model results show that respondents’ age (t= -2.120; p<0.05), level of education (t= 5.941; p<0.01) and land ownership (t= 2.664; p<0.01) significantly influence amount of credit obtained while land ownership (t= 3.314), years of schooling (t= 5.334) and monthly income (t= 4.942) significantly (p<0.01) influence their accessibility to credit. The food security (FGT) results revealed that 44.4% of the households were food insecure. The Probit regression results reveal that age (β= 0.002; p<0.05), marital status (β= -0.061; p<0.05), sex (β= -0.276; p<0.01), years of schooling (β= -0.015; p<0.01), land ownership (β= -0.569; p<0.01) and ownership of non-agribusiness (β= -0.085; p<0.05) significantly influences the household food insecurity status. However, access to loan had no significant effect on the food insecurity status of the rural households (β= -0.045; p>0.05). This study concluded that loan access had not contributed significantly to the food insecurity status of the rural households in Nigeria. However, household becomes less vulnerable to food insecurity with increasing educational attainment, land ownership and involvement in non-agribusiness activities. Therefore, due to the importance of education in reducing food insecurity, educational development should be approached systemically while all stakeholders should prioritize the provision of credit to improve the living conditions of farming households in the rural communities.
IMPACT OF TILLAGE AND FERTILIZER REGIME ON SOIL NITRFYING BACTERIA AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ACTIVITIES UNDER CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta L.) CULTIVATION
(2023-09-30) THANNI, Bolaji Margaret
ABSTRACT Farmers in south-west Nigeria are willing to adopt practices such as tillage and fertilizer to increase cassava root yield. Meanwhile, the adoption of these agronomic practices has implications for microorganisms that are related to both soil and cassava nutrition. A study was therefore carried out to determine the effect of tillage and fertilizer application on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrifying bacteria populations in cassava cultivation. Additionally, the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in cassava and their concentration in the soil were monitored. The study was carried out in 2016 and 2017 on two farmers' fields each at Ido, and Odeda Local Government Areas in Oyo and Ogun state respectively. The experiment comprised two levels of plough till {single plough (SP) and zero plough (ZP)}, two levels of traditional ploughing {ridge (R) and flat (FL)} and fertilizer application {fertilized (F) and unfertilized (F1)} arranged in a split-split plot fitted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Cassava variety TME 419 was planted at 1 m × 0.8 m spacing. Spores population and AMF species associated with cassava were isolated and identified. Per cent root colonization (RC) was determined by the grid-plate method while Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were cultured on Winograsky selective media and colonies counted were expressed in colony-forming unit (CFU). N, P, and K uptake and root yield were determined at harvest. Data collected were subjected to Analyses of Variance using R statistics software version 3.6.2 for Windows and treatments means were separated using the Least Significant Difference at p < 0.05. Results showed a high spore population at 48 Weeks After Planting (WAP) in both locations for both years and no fertilizer application relatively led to a 12.7% increment in spore population in bot sites. A total of five AMF genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Enthrospora, Gigaspora, and vii Scutellospora) were isolated from the soil while Glomus spp. predominated. Ploughing increased RC at Ido (26%) and Odeda (9%). Nitrosomonas spp. increased on single-ploughed flat and unfertilized plots. While there was inconsistency in the response of Nitrobacter spp to tillage and fertilizer application across locations in both years. At Ido, single ploughing led to 25%, and 13.4% increments in root yield in 2017 and 2018 respectively. While fertilizer application also increased yield by 13% in 2017 and a subsequent 13.4% in the preceding year. Similarly at Odeda, root yield increased on plots that were single ploughed and fertilized in both years. Plants with higher root yield had an increase in NPK accumulation and NPK concentrations increased under ZP. The study concluded that a combination of ploughing, ridging, and fertilizer application is favourable to high root yield in cassava and beneficial soil organisms such as AMF and some nitrifying bacteria.
SEED BANK DYNAMICS AND ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF SOME TREE SPECIES ON Zea mays L. IN TWO FOREST RESERVES
(2023-09-30) JOSEPH, OLADIPUPO JULIUS
ABSTRACT Agroforestry practice has been identified as a potential means of improving food security. However, allelopathic influences of trees on crops are yet to be totally understood, especially in agroforestry systems in Nigeria. This study investigated seed bank dynamics in Olokemeji (Ogun State) and Onigambari (Oyo State) Forest Reserves and allelopathic effect of some tree species on Zea mays L. Study areas, 90 m x 90 m each were mapped out using systemic line transects. Soil samples were taken from different soil depths (0-10 cm, 11-20 cm, and 21-30 cm) in both locations, while seed bank density was evaluated for 6 months in the screen house. Simpson’s index, Shannon-wiener index, species richness and species evenness were calculated for all trees found at each location. Aqueous leaf extracts from three dominant tree species in each location (Senna siamea Lam., Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. and Perr., Millettia thonningii Schum and Thonn., Leuceana leucocephala Lam., Khaya senegalensis Desr. and Enterolobium cyclocarpum Jacq.) were prepared using standard procedures. Allelopathic influence of each extract was investigated on Z. mays arranged in a complete randomized design with five replicates, while treatment with addition of water served as the control. Agronomic parameters such as plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), root length (RL), leaf area (LA), chlorophyll content (CC), and yield were measured. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were calculated. Data were analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance while means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p < 0.05. Results showed that Olokemeji and Onigambari had 553 and 266 tree species, respectively. Simpson’s index of Onigambari showed 0.90 diversity while Olokemeji had diversity of 0.85. Shanno-Wiener index and Species evenness of Olokemeji showed 2.13 and 0.83 respectively, while Onigambari had 2.41 and 0.89, respectively. The seed bank of Olokemeji produced 130, 78, and 40 seedlings at 0-10 cm, 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm depths, respectively whereas, Onigambari had 92, 49 and 37 seedlings at 0-10 cm, 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm, respectively. Both forest had the same Simpson’s index nevertheless, Shannon-Wiener index, species richness, and species evenness of Olokemeji Forest Reserve were higher at all depths than Onigambari Forest Reserve. Leaf extracts of five out of six dominant trees increased agronomic parameters of Z. mays. Among the six dominant trees, extract of S. siamea had increased PH, and NL of Z. mays by 8.1% and 8.8%, respectively compared with the control. Also, leaf extract of L. leucocephala increased RL, CC, LAR and NAR of Z. mays by 8.1%, 1.7%, 24.1% and 36.8% respectively, compared with the control. However, the PH, NL, CGR, NAR and yield of Z. mays treated with E. cyclocarpum leaf extract decreased by 13.3%, 19.2%, 45.9%, 42.1% and 50.5% respectively, compared with the control. The study showed that Olokemeji had a richer seed bank and higher tree frequency than Onigambari. Also, aqueous leave extracts of the studied tree species had positive allelopathic influence on Zea mays except Enterolobium cyclocarpum.
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS AND MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION LEVELS IN SELECTED PROCESSED VEGETABLES IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE/ NIGERIA.
(2023-09-30) ODOFIN EDWARD OLUWAFERANMI
ABSTRACT Processed vegetables are staple foods within Nigeria, serving as an all-year-round source of vitamins and fibre to consumers. Processing methods like sun drying can expose them to heavy metal and microbial contamination. This study assessed the health risk of heavy metals (HM) and microbial contamination in selected major processed vegetables through sun-drying consumed within Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Vegetable samples such as; Adansonia digitata (Luru), Cayennes frutescens (Shombo), and Abelmoschus esculentus (Orunla) were collected from three popular markets (Oja Oba, Ipata and Oja Tuntun) in Ilorin. Ground and sieved vegetable samples were digested with perchloric and nitric acid and analysed for HMs (Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Zn, and Cu) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Microbial assessment was carried out for Total Bacteria Count (TBC) and Total Fungi count (TFC) using standard procedures. Identification was based on biochemical analysis for bacteria and largely on morphological characteristics for fungi. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The health risk associated with consumption of the processed vegetable with respect to their heavy metal contents was assessed using the estimated daily intake, total hazard quotient, and hazard index (HI). The analysis of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn) in vegetables (Orunla, Luru, Ata gigun) from different markets (Oba, Tuntun, Ipata) revealed significant variations in the results. Abelmoschus esculentus had the highest levels of Pb (Tuntun: 12.26±1.71 mg/kg), Cd (Tuntun: 1.42±0.25 mg/kg), Cr (Tuntun: 1.42±0.25 mg/kg), and Zn (Tuntun: 71.31±4.37 mg/kg). Adansonia digitata exhibited the highest concentrations of Pb (Ipata: 18.20±18.72 mg/kg), Cd (Tuntun: 2.24±0.15 mg/kg), Cr (Ipata: 0.86±0.45 mg/kg), and Zn (Ipata: 62.39±3.25 mg/kg). C. frutescens showed the highest levels of Pb (Tuntun: 15.97±2.06 mg/kg), Cd (Tuntun: 2.72±0.16 mg/kg), Cr (Ipata: 1.47±0.26 mg/kg), and Zn (Ipata: 68.12±6.18 mg/kg) at a significance level of P<0.05.The order of abundance of HMs in vegetables was consistent at these markets and are as follows: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. The concentrations of HMs (Pb and Cd) exceeded the maximum permissible limits (0.3 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively) of FAO/WHO. The microbial analysis revealed the presence of coliforms, Bacillus species, and Aspergillus flavus. The TBC for the three vegetable samples from Oba market ranged from 1.5 × 106 to 4.0 × 106 Cfu/g and the TFC ranged between 0.1× 106 Cfu/g to 0.4 × 106 Cfu/g. In conclusion, the presence of coliforms and pathogenic fungi in the samples raises concerns about food safety and thus emphasizes the critical need for improved practices in processing vegetables especially through sun-drying. The HI values were greater than the permissible level of 1.0 indicating the potential non-carcinogenic adverse health effects for consumers. The Target Hazard Quotient values for Cd and Pb were greater than 1.0 in all the vegetable samples indicating potential health risk associated with the consumption of these vegetables. This study revealed potential health risks associated with eating sun-dried vegetables in the study area.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Microsporidia spp. IN TICK POPULATION IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2023-09-30) AJAGBE, DORCAS OLUWAKEMI
ABSTRACT Microsporidia are endosymbionts targeted as potential microorganisms for biological control of arthropod vectors. However, not much is known about their distribution in tick population in Ogun State. The present study therefore, mapped the geographical distribution and molecular characterization of Microsporidia spp. in ticks’ populations. Ticks samples were collected from 68 cattle from Isoro Aje Gbonagun, Asero, and Lafenwa abattoir respectively, and 13 dogs from the State Veterinary Hospital, Ita-Eko, all in Ogun State, Nigeria. The ticks were morphologically identified and characterized into sex and developmental stage. DNA extracted from the ticks was subjected to PCR amplification using the universal Microsporidia small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (ssU RNA) primers. Data were entered using Microsoft excel, cleaned of error and analysis were executed using SPSS version 22. A total of 875 ticks were collected, 668 from cattle, 207 from dog respectively. Ticks collected from cattle were Amblyomma variegatum 71(10.63%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus 58(8.68%), Rhipicephalus microplus 214(32.04%), Rhipicephalus annulatus322(48.20%) and Hyalomma marginatum 30(0.44%), while ticks collected from dog were Rhipicephalus sanguineus 47(22.7%), Amblyomma variegatum 30(14.49%), Heamaphysalisleachi 12(5.80%), Hyalomma marginatum (14.49%), Heamaphysalis punctata 28(13.53%) and Rhipicephalus microplus 60(28.99%). There is a significant difference (p = 0.01) in tick distribution between the sampling location; Lafenwa abattoir had the highest number of ticks (412) while the lowest number of ticks (86 ticks) were sampled fromIsoro Aje Gbonagun abattoir. Microsporidia spores were isolated from 277(31.66%) tick samples with 228 (82.31%) isolated from cattle and 49 (17.67%) from dogs. Microsporidia infection in tick species were Amblyomma variegatum 15(6.58%) Rhipicephalus decoloratus 14(6.14%), Rhipicephalus microplus 118(51.75%), Rhipicephalus annulatus 81(35.53%), Amblyomma variegatum 15(30.61%), Heamaphysalis leachi 5(10.20%), Hyalomma marginatum 9(18.37%), Heamaphysalis punctata 12(24.49%) and Rhipicephalus microplus 8(16.33). Microsporidia infection in tick species was not significantly different between cattle (p = 0.184) and between dog (p = 0.366). Molecular analysis of 60(21.67%) microscopically positive Microsporidia samples randomly selected across the study locations showed that 7(11.67%) was positive for Microsporidia DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), at a base pair of 100bp, 250bp, 750bp, 500bp, 1000bp respectively. This study shows that Microsporidia endosymbionts are present among the tick populations in Abeokuta, Ogun state.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSPORT AND EVAPORATION OF ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES-BIODIESEL SURROGATE DROPLET
(2023-10-20) OLAMIDE, OLALEKAN OLAOLUWA
ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can readily replace petrodiesel in internal combustion engines and furnaces. However, it contains less energy density than petrodiesel, which can be enhanced by adding energetic nanoparticles. This study modelled the flow, heat transfer and evaporation characteristics of an isolated biodiesel surrogate (methyl decanoate) droplet containing Al2O3 nanoparticles sedimenting in air. The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction (φ), Reynolds number (Re) and evaporating temperatures in the range 0 to 0.1; 0.1 to 250; and 523 to 723 K, on flow vigour, Nusselt number (Nu), Sherwood number (Sh) and droplet regression, respectively, were investigated. The influence of internal circulation on the modes of heat transfer during non-evaporative heating was also examined with the initial droplet and ambient temperatures of 300 and 400 K, respectively. The problem governing equations, including the continuity, momentum and energy, were discretized and solved using the finite volume method with ANSYS Fluent 18.1 while a MATLAB program was written for implementing the evaporation model. At the domain inlet, outlet, walls and centreline, the Dirichlet, pressure outlet, Neumann and axisymmetric boundary conditions were imposed, respectively. User-defined functions were written in C++ to prescribe the continuity of tangential velocity and shear stress at the liquid-gas interface. A mesh consisting of 151423 nodes was chosen for the simulation after conducting a grid independence test. The validations of the drag, heat transfer and evaporation rates were in good agreement (±10%) with the experimental and numerical data obtained from literature for Re up to 100. The droplet's internal flow structure was similar to the Hill’s vortex for all Reynolds numbers. At critical Reynolds number, Re = 23.29, lung-shaped vortices were formed behind the droplet and grew in size with the increase in Re. At Re of 0.1, the isotherms inside the droplet were concentric about its centre, signifying pure diffusion. The isotherms within the droplet transformed from concentric circles at low Re to two deformed cells at high Re. There was an increase in Nu by 8.56 and 110.64%; 15.96 and 41.78% when Re increased from 0.1 to 50 and 250; and φ from 0 to 0.02 and 0.1, respectively. The square of the droplet diameter regressed linearly at a faster rate with the increase in Re than φ, obeying the classical D-squared law during evaporation for all the cases considered. An increase in φ from 0 to 0.04 enhanced the heat transfer during evaporation by 0.24 and 0.30% for Re of 100 and 200, respectively. Sherwood numbers increased with increasing φ for non-isothermal droplet evaporation but did not surpass 0.1%. The reduction in evaporation time for φ of 0.04 and 0.1 at Re of 100 were 1.66 and 1.20% respectively. Heat transfer enhancements were observed with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles in methyl decanoate, while the changes in flow and mass transfer characteristics were marginal. The modelling and simulation of the evaporation characteristics of an isolated Al2O3 nanoparticles-biodiesel surrogate droplet showed enhanced performance.
INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE ON SOCIO - EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT IN SOME SELECTED ORPHANAGES, OYO STATE, NIGERIA.
(2023-10-23) AJAYI, IBUKUN JAMES
ABSTRACTS The influence of psychological abuse on socio-emotional development of adolescents is a recognized societal issue that affects growth. Professionals in the fields of education, medicine and social welfare acknowledge the benefit of fostering positive socio-emotional development on the overall functioning of an individual. This study assessed the influence of psychological abuse on the socio-emotional development of adolescents in selected orphanages, Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 181 adolescents for the study. Data were obtained on respondents’ demographic characteristics, psychological abuse and socio-emotional development, factors causing psychological abuse and effect of psychological abuse on socio and emotional development of the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, frequency counts, bar and pie chart, inferential statistics such as, chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Results revealed that 57.5% of the adolescents were female, 66.9% were between ages 14-16yrs, 34.3% were in JSS 1-3 classes, Christians were 97.2%, 74% lived with guardians, and 43.1% came into the home between year 2019 and 2020. Furthermore, 84.0% of the respondents had experienced high level of psychological abuse and 81.2% of the respondents experienced low level of socio-emotional development, while (χ2=2.94) reportedly that they get appreciated whenever they finish a task. The major factors causing psychological abuse were deprivation of contact (χ2=2.31) and misjudgement by loved ones like friends and caregiver (χ2=2.30). Majority (74.6%) of the respondents believed psychological abuse has high level of effects on their socio-emotional development and the consequences could be, ‘distraction of state of mind (χ2= 3.15)’, ‘low self-esteem/distrust in oneself (χ2=3.10)’ and ‘attention deficit/poor learning in class (χ2=3.10)’. There was significant (P<0.05) association between demographic characteristics and socio-emotional development such as Age (χ2=3.53, df=1), Gender (χ2=0.30, df=1), Religion (χ2=1.97, df=3), who the respondents lived with? (χ2=3.84, df=2), family type (χ2=1.88, df=2), respondents admission into the home (χ2=3.18, df=1). PPMC results also showed that there were significant relationship between psychological abuse and socio-emotional development, (P<0.05 and r= -0.24). Furthermore, the mean score (male χ2= 36.60 and female χ2= 37.49) of female respondents psychological abuse and socio-emotional development is higher to their male counterpart. In conclusion, psychological abuse is a strong predictor of socio-emotional development. Female respondents experienced more psychological abuse and socio-emotional development than the male. Consequently, it is recommended that awareness should be raised about the harmful effects of psychological abuse on adolescents' socio-emotional development at individual, community and societal levels.
INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE ON SOCIO - EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT IN SOME SELECTED ORPHANAGES, OYO STATE, NIGERIA.
(2023-10-23) AJAYI, IBUKUN JAMES
ABSTRACTS The influence of psychological abuse on socio-emotional development of adolescents is a recognized societal issue that affects growth. Professionals in the fields of education, medicine and social welfare acknowledge the benefit of fostering positive socio-emotional development on the overall functioning of an individual. This study assessed the influence of psychological abuse on the socio-emotional development of adolescents in selected orphanages, Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 181 adolescents for the study. Data were obtained on respondents’ demographic characteristics, psychological abuse and socio-emotional development, factors causing psychological abuse and effect of psychological abuse on socio and emotional development of the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, frequency counts, bar and pie chart, inferential statistics such as, chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Results revealed that 57.5% of the adolescents were female, 66.9% were between ages 14-16yrs, 34.3% were in JSS 1-3 classes, Christians were 97.2%, 74% lived with guardians, and 43.1% came into the home between year 2019 and 2020. Furthermore, 84.0% of the respondents had experienced high level of psychological abuse and 81.2% of the respondents experienced low level of socio-emotional development, while (χ2=2.94) reportedly that they get appreciated whenever they finish a task. The major factors causing psychological abuse were deprivation of contact (χ2=2.31) and misjudgement by loved ones like friends and caregiver (χ2=2.30). Majority (74.6%) of the respondents believed psychological abuse has high level of effects on their socio-emotional development and the consequences could be, ‘distraction of state of mind (χ2= 3.15)’, ‘low self-esteem/distrust in oneself (χ2=3.10)’ and ‘attention deficit/poor learning in class (χ2=3.10)’. There was significant (P<0.05) association between demographic characteristics and socio-emotional development such as Age (χ2=3.53, df=1), Gender (χ2=0.30, df=1), Religion (χ2=1.97, df=3), who the respondents lived with? (χ2=3.84, df=2), family type (χ2=1.88, df=2), respondents admission into the home (χ2=3.18, df=1). PPMC results also showed that there were significant relationship between psychological abuse and socio-emotional development, (P<0.05 and r= -0.24). Furthermore, the mean score (male χ2= 36.60 and female χ2= 37.49) of female respondents psychological abuse and socio-emotional development is higher to their male counterpart. In conclusion, psychological abuse is a strong predictor of socio-emotional development. Female respondents experienced more psychological abuse and socio-emotional development than the male. Consequently, it is recommended that awareness should be raised about the harmful effects of psychological abuse on adolescents' socio-emotional development at individual, community and societal levels.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSPORT AND EVAPORATION OF ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES-BIODIESEL SURROGATE DROPLET
(2023-10-25) OLAMIDE, OLALEKAN OLAOLUWA
ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can readily replace petrodiesel in internal combustion engines and furnaces. However, it contains less energy density than petrodiesel, which can be enhanced by adding energetic nanoparticles. This study modelled the flow, heat transfer and evaporation characteristics of an isolated biodiesel surrogate (methyl decanoate) droplet containing Al2O3 nanoparticles sedimenting in air. The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction (φ), Reynolds number (Re) and evaporating temperatures in the range 0 to 0.1; 0.1 to 250; and 523 to 723 K, on flow vigour, Nusselt number (Nu), Sherwood number (Sh) and droplet regression, respectively, were investigated. The influence of internal circulation on the modes of heat transfer during non-evaporative heating was also examined with the initial droplet and ambient temperatures of 300 and 400 K, respectively. The problem governing equations, including the continuity, momentum and energy, were discretized and solved using the finite volume method with ANSYS Fluent 18.1 while a MATLAB program was written for implementing the evaporation model. At the domain inlet, outlet, walls and centreline, the Dirichlet, pressure outlet, Neumann and axisymmetric boundary conditions were imposed, respectively. User-defined functions were written in C++ to prescribe the continuity of tangential velocity and shear stress at the liquid-gas interface. A mesh consisting of 151423 nodes was chosen for the simulation after conducting a grid independence test. The validations of the drag, heat transfer and evaporation rates were in good agreement (±10%) with the experimental and numerical data obtained from literature for Re up to 100. The droplet's internal flow structure was similar to the Hill’s vortex for all Reynolds numbers. At critical Reynolds number, Re = 23.29, lung-shaped vortices were formed behind the droplet and grew in size with the increase in Re. At Re of 0.1, the isotherms inside the droplet were concentric about its centre, signifying pure diffusion. The isotherms within the droplet transformed from concentric circles at low Re to two deformed cells at high Re. There was an increase in Nu by 8.56 and 110.64%; 15.96 and 41.78% when Re increased from 0.1 to 50 and 250; and φ from 0 to 0.02 and 0.1, respectively. The square of the droplet diameter regressed linearly at a faster rate with the increase in Re than φ, obeying the classical D-squared law during evaporation for all the cases considered. An increase in φ from 0 to 0.04 enhanced the heat transfer during evaporation by 0.24 and 0.30% for Re of 100 and 200, respectively. Sherwood numbers increased with increasing φ for non-isothermal droplet evaporation but did not surpass 0.1%. The reduction in evaporation time for φ of 0.04 and 0.1 at Re of 100 were 1.66 and 1.20% respectively. Heat transfer enhancements were observed with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles in methyl decanoate, while the changes in flow and mass transfer characteristics were marginal. The modelling and simulation of the evaporation characteristics of an isolated Al2O3 nanoparticles-biodiesel surrogate droplet showed enhanced performance.
ASSESSMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA INDIGENOUS WOVEN FABRICS ‘ASO-OKE’ PRODUCED ON TRADITIONAL AND MODIFIED FLOOR LOOMS
(2023-10-25) ADEBOYE, Adebiyi Oladipupo
ABSTRACT Weaving is interlacing of warp and weft yarns to produce fabrics on a loom. “Aso-Oke” is the most famous indigenous woven fabric in Southwest Nigeria. This study assessed the mechanical properties of Aso-Oke produced on traditional floor loom (TFL) and modified floor loom (MFL). The study employed an experimental design; fabricated and modified TFL by changing the heddles (thread to wire), shaft, and beater (wood to metal). Ten samples of 2/2 Matt woven fabric were produced using 91 ends per inch (EPI), varied (2, 3, 5, 7, and 8) numbers of filling yarns (NFY), and 100% textured polyester yarn on TFL (TFL1 to TFL5) and MFL (MFL1 to MFL5). Fabric weight (FW), Abrasion, Dimensional stability, Tensile and Elongation, Tearing strength, and Bending Length were mechanical properties tested. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, PCA, and PLS-SEM analysis. Results showed that fabrics from both looms are close-set [cover factor (CF) of MFL (M=32) and TFL (M=28)] in warp way. Both looms produced lightweight fabrics (51-90 GSM) with TFL4 and MFL3 having 90 GSM. MFL fabrics GSM (M = 77) is greater than TFL (M = 71). After 1000 abrasion cycles, fabric TFL5 (0.1% weight loss) has highest wear resistance; TFL fabrics had higher mean abrasion % weight loss (APL) 0.07% than MFL fabrics (0.77%). TFL and MFL fabrics showed high dimensional stability (0% shrinkage) after 72 hours at 27oC ± 2oC and RH 65% ± 2%. Fabric MFL2 has highest warp way tensile strength (50.04kgf), TFL3 (54.86kgf) in weft, and MFL3 (44.46kgf) showed significantly high breaking elongation in warp and weft ways corresponding to 64 picks per inch. Tearing strength is highest in fabrics TFL5 (46.51kgf) and TFL4 (53.34kgf) in warp and weft ways respectively. MFL3 tearing resistance is higher in both the warp and weft ways. MFL3 and TFL4 had bending lengths above 12.00cm in weft way signifying higher flexural rigidity. Fabric MFL3 has highest bending modulus (30.90Nm-2) in weft way. T-test results revealed a significant (p<0.05) difference in Tearing Strength in weft way between MFL (29.34±8.56) and TFL (31.5±18.73; t = -0.23, p = 0.82) and significant difference in CF of MFL (12.67±3.08) and TFL (13.74±5.15; t =11.343, p = 0.000). The correlation matrix showed moderately positive relationships (r >.500), and PCA indicated that TFL had six strong mechanical properties as compared to MFL's eight (Flexural Rigidity .975 and Tensile .791 in weft way; Tearing Strength .962 in warp way; Bending Length (.968 and .804), Bending-Modulus (.924, -.836) in weft and warp ways, and FW.956) in component I (λ=6.33) accounting for TFL (45.19%) and MFL (55.12%) total variance explained. PLS-SEM showed a significant contribution of EPI, 2/2 matt weave structure, NFY, and CF on the mechanical properties of fabrics from TFL and MFL. The study concluded that the mechanical properties of lightweight Aso-Oke produced on TFL and MFL have excellent tensile, elongation, tearing strength, abrasion, shrinkage, and bending resistances influenced by yarn type, density, thickness, and weave structure, thus weaver skill is vital.
CONFIGURATION OF THE BASEMENT TOPOGRAPHY OF ABEOKUTA METROPOLIS USING INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL METHODS AND MULTI CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS (MCDA) FOR GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION
(2023-10-30) EDUNJOBI, HAZEEZ OWOLABI
ABSTRACT A widely distributed and large source of fresh water is groundwater, being a renewable natural source with insubstantial evaporation loss, wide distribution and low risk of contamination, playing very vital roles in the environment and human health. In Abeokuta Metropolis where pipe-borne water is out of reach of many people, groundwater becomes the major source of water supply and its exploration in a basement terrain is faced with complex decisions because of its contradictory alternatives. The research aims to evaluate the basement topography of Abeokuta Metropolis to provide a better understanding of the geological features and hydrological indices that support the flow and distribution of groundwater as well as the accumulation of economic mineral deposits. The Multi Criteria Decision Analysis via Analytic Hierarchy Process (MCDA-AHP) is a mathematical based technique employed to correctly predict groundwater by scaling priorities of influencing parameters to make informed economic decisions. Six groundwater influencing factors; coefficient of anisotropy, lineament density, overburden thickness, aquifer thickness, aquifer resistivity and lithology were integrated to predict groundwater potentials of Odeda, Obafemi Owode, Abeokuta North and Abeokuta South Local Government Areas (LGAs). These parameters were derived from the processing, analysis and interpretation of high resolution aeromagnetic and electrical resistivity data over the study area. The aeromagnetic data was sourced from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) while the electrical resistivity data was acquired in situ, through Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique; at a spacing interval of 1000 ± 100 m across parts of the LGAs, representing the research location. Qualitative interpretation of high resolution aeromagnetic data revealed magnetic responses ranging from high-moderate-low signatures which characterized the geology of the study area into Basement, transition and sedimentary zones. Continuous filtering of aeromagnetic maps through two-dimensional fast Fourier transform further delineated various geologic boundaries of the magnetic field. Quantitative interpretations were applied to map the depth to magnetic sources and evaluate subsurface linear structures referred to as lineaments. Spectral Analysis Technique (SAT), Source Parameters Imaging (SPI) and 3D Euler deconvolution method revealed depth range of 99-340, 133-294 and 150-250 m respectively. These depth results confirmed the presence of near surface intrusive rock minerals like kaolin, feldspar, quartzite, among others. Evaluation of lineaments by CET grid analysis showed the study area to be composed of linear structures predicted to be faults, cracks, fractures, voids and cracks, and their NE-SW orientation is in conformity with the Pan African Orogeny. Interpretation of one hundred and forty four VES data aided computations of hydrogeological parameters and mapping of lithological units. Lateritic sequence, sandstones, clay, continental sands, kaolin deposits and Basement rocks that are granitic or magmatic in nature are the lithological units mapped. The integration of all the groundwater influencing factors using GIS produced a model map that is graded into very low, low, high and very high potentials. Evaluation of the basement topography has demonstrated strong reliability in groundwater potential modelling and it is recommended that the results of this research should be adopted as an information framework in making wise investments in Abeokuta Metropolis.
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION AND COUNSELLING INTERVENTIONS ON INSULIN RESISTANCE, TRACE ELEMENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS IN OGUN STATE NIGERIA
(2023-10-30) ADEYEMI, YETUNDE ADERONKE
ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most widespread endocrinological diseases in the general population and especially among hospitalized subjects. Studies have shown that diabetic subjects have micronutrient deficiencies. Hence, the need for dietary supplementation and counselling interventions to address the deficiency of serum trace elements and Vit C and E deficiencies. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation and counselling interventions on insulin resistance, trace elements and antioxidant vitamins levels in T2DM subjects. The study utilised randomised controlled trials design with pre-test and post-test assessments. Baseline, intervention period and end point data collection on 134 T2DM subjects and 130 apparently healthy adults (not diagnosed with T2DM was carried out at the Endocrinology department of Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria. A semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects. Dietary intake was assessed using multi-pass 24-hour dietary recall and analysed to determine energy and nutrients intake. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, hip and waist circumference) were obtained using standard procedures. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist-Hip ratio were calculated from the measurements using WHO standards. Biochemical parameters at both baseline and intervention (insulin secretion level, insulin resistance, serum trace elements, vitamins E and C) was analysed using standard laboratory procedures. T2DM subjects were randomized into two groups (Dietary Counselling Group (DCG (n=67)) and Dietary Supplementation Group (DSG (n=67)). Eight weeks administration of minerals and vitamins were given to DSG, while dietary counselling was done for those in DCG. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean standard deviation, Analysis of variance and multiple regression. At baseline, the results showed that 60.4% had tertiary education, 47.0% earned above seventy thousand naira/month and 37.3% were retired. There was significant difference between the mean BMI of cases (26.93±6.43) and control (24.37±6.053) (p=0.001). Dietary intake showed that 75.0% and 84.5% of the T2DM subjects and non-T2DM subjects met less than 100.0% Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat respectively. The mean plasma levels of glucose, insulin secretion levels, insulin resistance levels, vitamin C and vitamin E of T2DM subjects were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of non-T2DM subjects. The mean serum levels of trace elements of T2DM subjects were significantly lower (p< 0.05) to that of non-T2DM subjects. There was a significantly (p =0.005) higher serum Cu level in T2DM subjects (144.77±14.32 µg/dl) than in the non-T2DM subjects (119.95±38.78 µg/dl). At intervention phase, there was significant (p< 0.05) reduction in mean plasma fasting glucose, insulin secretion levels, vitamin C and vitamin E in the DSG and DCG as compared to their baseline values of T2DM and non-T2DM subjects. In conclusion, there was a significant (p<0.005) reduction in serum trace elements and plasma levels of antioxidants, vitamins E and C, among T2DM subjects as compared to non-T2DM subjects. Eight weeks supplementation of minerals and vitamins, with individualized dietary counselling were found to have significantly decreased (p< 0.05) plasma fasting blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance levels in T2DM subjects.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSPORT AND EVAPORATION OF ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES-BIODIESEL SURROGATE
(2023-10-30) OLAMIDE, OLALEKAN OLAOLUWA
ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can readily replace petrodiesel in internal combustion engines and furnaces. However, it contains less energy density than petrodiesel, which can be enhanced by adding energetic nanoparticles. This study modelled the flow, heat transfer and evaporation characteristics of an isolated biodiesel surrogate (methyl decanoate) droplet containing Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles sedimenting in air. The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction (φ), Reynolds number (Re) and evaporating temperatures in the range 0 to 0.1; 0.1 to 250; and 523 to 723 K, on flow vigour, Nusselt number (Nu), Sherwood number (Sh) and droplet regression, respectively, were investigated. The influence of internal circulation on the modes of heat transfer during non-evaporative heating was also examined with the initial droplet and ambient temperatures of 300 and 400 K, respectively. The problem governing equations, including the continuity, momentum and energy, were discretized and solved using the finite volume method with ANSYS Fluent 18.1 while a MATLAB program was written for implementing the evaporation model. At the domain inlet, outlet, walls and centreline, the Dirichlet, pressure outlet, Neumann and axisymmetric boundary conditions were imposed, respectively. User-defined functions were written in C++ to prescribe the continuity of tangential velocity and shear stress at the liquid-gas interface. A mesh consisting of 151423 nodes was chosen for the simulation after conducting a grid independence test. The validations of the drag, heat transfer and evaporation rates were in good agreement (±10%) with the experimental and numerical data obtained from literature for Re up to 100. The droplet's internal flow structure was similar to the Hill’s vortex for all Reynolds numbers. At critical Reynolds number, Re = 23.29, lung-shaped vortices were formed behind the droplet and grew in size with the increase in Re. At Re of 0.1, the isotherms inside the droplet were concentric about its centre, signifying pure diffusion. The isotherms within the droplet transformed from concentric circles at low Re to two deformed cells at high Re. There was an increase in Nu by 8.56 and 110.64%; 15.96 and 41.78% when Re increased from 0.1 to 50 and 250; and φ from 0 to 0.02 and 0.1, respectively. The square of the droplet diameter regressed linearly at a faster rate with the increase in Re than φ, obeying the classical D-squared law during evaporation for all the cases considered. An increase in φ from 0 to 0.04 enhanced the heat transfer during evaporation by 0.24 and 0.30% for Re of 100 and 200, respectively. Sherwood numbers increased with increasing φ for non-isothermal droplet evaporation but did not surpass 0.1%. The reduction in evaporation time for φ of 0.04 and 0.1 at Re of 100 were 1.66 and 1.20% respectively. Heat transfer enhancements were observed with the addition of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles in methyl decanoate, while the changes in flow and mass transfer characteristics were marginal. The modelling and simulation of the evaporation characteristics of an isolated Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles-biodiesel surrogate droplet showed enhanced performance.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PROBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF Bacillus species ISOLATED FROM LOCALLY FERMENTED LOCUST BEAN ‘IRU’
(2023-10-30) FARONBI OLUTONI RUTH
ABSTRACT Bacillus species is gaining interest in human health related functional food research due to their probiotic property and survivability under hostile environment of the gastrointestinal tract. There is currently the need to shift focus to locally produced foods that are rich in probiotics as they can confer great health benefits on humans. This study assessed the probiotic potential of Bacillus species isolated from a locally fermented locust bean “Iru” Bacillus species were isolated from “Iru” using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were characterized using morphological and biochemical methods, then were then subjected to preliminary acid test at varied pH rates (2.0, 4.0 and 7.0) and bile concentrations (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0) %. The isolates that survived the preliminary test were further subjected to varied pH values (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0) and bile concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.75 and 1.0) %. Antibiotic susceptibility test, antimicrobial activity against some bacterial pathogens and toxin production ability of the Bacillus isolates were carried out. The Bacillus isolates were further assayed for their hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, co-aggregation ability and cholesterol reducing ability. Molecular characterization was carried out on the isolates and their clonal diversity with other probiotic Bacillus deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databank was determined. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 17.0. Values were separated using mean and standard deviation. Seven Bacillus species were identified and only three; Bacillus subtilis strain NCDO 1769, Bacillus thuringiensis strain HER1410 and Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9 had high survival rates (66.3% - 97.9%) at different pH values and (76.7% -97.9%) at different bile concentrations. The Bacillus isolates showed susceptibility to antibiotics used. Zones of inhibition against bacterial pathogens ranged from 6.0 - 19.0 mm and all the three Bacillus species tested negative to the toxins. The three Bacillus isolates had high survival rates (68 -870) % when assayed for hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation. Survival rates of co-aggregation was however low (18.6 - 20.0) %. The three isolates utilized cholesterol 200mg/dl at a reduction rate of (91.1, 86.1 and 95.4) % respectively. Result of molecular characterization confirmed the three Bacillus isolates as Bacillus subtilis strain NCDO 1769, Bacillus thuringiensis strain HER1410 and Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9. The three isolates showed diversity with other probiotic Bacillus species deposited in the NCBI data bank as the three of them clustered separately with other strains. In conclusion, this research study revealed that the Bacillus in “Iru” exhibited probiotic and hypocholesterolaemic properties.
GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MYOSTATIN (MSTN) GENE AND ITS EFFECT ON LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS OF MUTURU CATTLE BREED
(2023-10-30) OYENIRAN, OYINLOLUWA FIYIN
ABSTRACT Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β family is a negative regulator of muscle mass. This study was conducted to investigate Myostatin (MSTN) gene polymorphism in exon 1 and its effect on linear body measurements of Muturu cattle breed. Muturu cattle is characterised by a compacted body with good meat quality. A total of 26 animals between age 2 to 12 years were used in this study. 1ml of blood was collected from each cattle and DNA was extracted using Zymo research quick DNA mini prep kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. Data were collected on linear body measurements and were subjected to analysis using General Linear Model of SAS version 9.2. Polymerase chain reaction products of the MSTN gene were amplified and sequenced. The resulting sequences were edited using BIOEDIT and aligned with bovine MSTN of Bos taurus (GenBank Acc. No. AF320998.1) using MEGA 6.0 software. NCBI BLAST software was used to retrieve other cattle sequences and a phylogenetic tree was plotted showing the relationship between Muturu consensus sequence and the other cattle breeds. The sequence information revealed 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MSTN gene that showed genetic variation with 3 synonymous mutations and 7 nonsynonymous mutations. The heterozygosity estimates indicates that all SNPs had low diversity. The allele frequencies for 186T>A, 218C>T, 414T>G, 418A>G, 459A>C, 496G>C were the highest with a value of 0.96. The Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.070 to 0.292. Eight haplotypes were identified in exon 1 with a high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity. All tests of neutrality at exon 1 showed that there was an excess of rare alleles in the Muturu population. The animals were separated into three age groups and the association analysis showed that SNP 345 G > C was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with height at wither, heart girth at 4 to 8 years, rump height and tail length at 2 to 4 years. SNP 481 A > C was significantly associated with muzzle circumference and hock circumference (p < 0.05) at 4 to 8 years. It was concluded that genetic variations exist in exon 1 of MSTN gene making it a candidate marker for genetic improvement. However, there is need to validate the association study with a larger population size.
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN EDO AND ONDO STATES, NIGERIA
(2023-11-20) IGBOSOROEZE CHINYERE ANGELA
ABSTRACT The need to bridge the widening demand and supply gap of palm oil calls for increase in oil palm production and processing. However, increase in oil palm production and processing has consequential impact on the environment like climate change, deforestation, eco-water toxicity amongst others. This study assessed the economic and environmental impacts of oil palm production and processing in Edo and Ondo States. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 550 respondents for the study. Data were acquired using structured questionnaire. Gross margin analysis was utilized to determine the profitability of oil palm production and processing. Stochastic production frontier was used to determine the production efficiency of the farmers and processors. Life cycle analysis (LCA) was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts of oil palm production and processing. Dichotomous-Choice Contingent Valuation Method (DC-CVM) was used to determine the economic value of the externalities caused by oil palm production and processing. Multinomial logit regression was used to find the marginal effect of factors influencing the choice of coping strategies and benefit cost analysis (BCA) was utilized to decide the most feasible and cost-effective adaptation strategy. Findings showed that the mean age of the respondents was 57 years in Ondo State and 52 years in Edo State. Majority of the farmers in Edo and Ondo States obtained their seedlings from the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR). Majority (74.58% and 71.79%) of the farmers, processors (83.33% and 89.47%) and farmers/processors (97.3% and 97.56%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have no access to extension services. Majority (96.61% and 100%) of the farmers, processors (96.97% and 92.11%), farmers/processors (95.95% and 97.56%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have no access to credit. Majority (57.63% and 51.28%) of the farmers, farmers/processors (98.65% and 89.43%) in Ondo and Edo States respectively have less than 1500 palm trees. The gross profit margin of the farmers, processors, farmers/processors were 0.27 and 0.37; 0.43 and 0.39; 0.47 and 0.43 in Ondo and Edo States respectively. Result showed that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in Edo and Ondo States was 0.85, processors 0.83 and farmers/processors 0.89. LCA result shows that the significant impact categories were eco-water toxicity (1.31E+05 CTUe), climate change (44021.79 kgCo2 eq), fossil fuel (15051.12 MJ) and respiratory inorganics (25050.01 kg). The estimated annual cost of externalities caused by oil palm production and processing in Edo State was ₦28,960,084,800 and ₦32,231,355,840 in Ondo State. Result of the BCA showed that the conversion of empty fruit bunch to bio-fertilizer was the most feasible and cost-effective adaptation strategy, with a Net Present Value of ₦556,577.85, benefit cost ratio of 1.10 and internal rate of return of 46.3%. In conclusion, oil palm production and processing has been shown to be a profitable venture but contributes to climate change, eco-water toxicity amongst other environmental impacts. Farmers and processors should join cooperative societies for easy access to credit, extension services, increased production and training on sustainable agricultural practices to better preserve the environment.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CLASS 1, 2, AND 3 INTEGRONS IN MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT UROPATHOGENIC Klebsiella pneumoniae FROM PATIENTS ATTENDING TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA
(2023-11-20) NWACHUKWU, VICTORIA UDOCHUKWU
ABSTRACT Integrons play an outstandingrole in the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistant genes especially among uropathogenicKlebsiella pneumoniae. However, the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) or Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae are increasingly becoming health care concern. This study aimed to characterize three classes of integrons identified among Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) uropathogenicKlebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients visiting two tertiary hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty-three suspected Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the urine benches of University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan (205) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Abeokuta (48) were examined. Isolates were identified using Analytical Profile Index 20E, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Susceptibility of isolates to 14 antibiotic discs under 8 classes was determined using disc diffusion method. MDR was based on resistance to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. 10 isolates with resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics were selected for molecular studies. The Clinical laboratory standard institute confirmation test was used for the evaluation of ESBL or MBL production. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration were ascertained using microdilution technique. The DNA of the 10 MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDRKP) was extracted using ZYMO research miniprep kit. Presence of blaIMPorblaCTX-M genes, class 1, 2, and 3 integrons, and the content of conserved segment (CS) were amplified using polymerase chain reaction. A total of 194 (95%) isolates from UCH and 10 (5%) from FMC were presumptively identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by API 20E. Similarly, 88 (97.8%) from UCH, and 2 (2.2%) from FMC were putatively confirmed as Klebsiella pneumoniae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. While 86.7% of the isolates were susceptible to colistin, 71.5% and 59.8% were sensitive to imipenem and cefoxitin respectively. High resistant phenotype was recorded against ampicillin (97.3%), amoxicillin clavulanate (82.4%), cephalothin (80.1%), cefotaxime (76.6%), sulfamethazine (73.4%) and ceftazidime (71.1%). The ESBL production was identified in 42.2% and MBL in 57.8% of the positive isolates in 57.8%. The MIC value for both colistin and imipenem ranged from 8-32 µg/mL, while cefotaxime value ranged from 4-64 µg/ml. All the isolates harboured blaIMPgroup while 87.5% carried blaCTX-M. Class 1, 2 integrons were detected in 87.5% strain while 25% harboured class 3 integrons. The CS of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons revealed 7 different arrays of antibiotic resistant genes (dfrA5, dfrA30; aadA1, dfrA1-sat1; dfrA1-sat1; dfrA5, dfrA30; aadA2; aadA2, dfrA12 and dfrA5, dfrA30, aadA2, aadA2, dfrA12). This study revealed high prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons carrying gene cassettes and the presence of class 3 integrons among multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harbouring blaCTX-M and blaIMP genes in the studied tertiary hospitals in Nigeria.
RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS TO IN OVO INJECTION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHYTOBIOTICS (GARLIC, GINGER AND OYSTER MUSHROOM)
(2023-11-20) OLUTAYO Abayomi Jacob
ABSTRACT This study investigated the response of broiler chickens to in ovo injection of aqueous extract of phytobiotics (garlic, ginger and oyster mushroom). The experiment was carried out in two phases (hatchery study and field trials which assessed the influence of in ovo injection of phytobiotics aqueous extract on post-hatch performance of hatchlings). A total of 400 hatching eggs of Cobb 500 strain of Broiler Chicken were purchased from a reputable breeder farm; 358 hatching eggs were found settable. The eggs were weighed to obtained weight equalization, fumigated and set in the incubator. Candling was done on 14th day of incubation and out of the 358 eggs set, 342 were confirmed fertile. The fertile eggs were divided into nine in ovo treatment groups (control; garlic; ginger; oyster mushroom; garlic+ginger; garlic+oyster mushroom; ginger+mushroom; garlic+ginger+oyster mushroom and sham control) each replicated three times. In ovo injection of 0.1ml/egg aqueous extracts of phytobiotics was administered on the 18th day of embryogenesis through the amnion with the use of 24 gauge hypodermic needle. After incubation, data collected on hatching traits and other post-hatch performance indices for a period of 5 weeks; were subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Birds resulting from in ovo injection of ginger+oyster-mushroom treatment had the highest numerical hatchability (100%), while significantly highest chick weight (50.91g/bird) was observed in birds resulting from in ovo injection of garlic compared to the relative results obtained in other treatment groups. At 7 days of age, in ovo injection of aqueous extract of oyster mushroom enhanced better development of the duodenal length (13.86 cm/100g) live weight relative to other treatments; whereas at 35th day, injection of ginger+oyster mushroom improved the duodenal length (1.98 cm/100g live weight) of the broiler chickens. In-ovo administration of aqueous extract of phytobiotics (garlic, ginger and oyster mushroom) did not pose any deleterious effects on the heamatological and serum parameters of broiler chickens as values observed where within reference range values for healthy chickens. In-ovo injection of ginger enhanced a relatively better breast proportion (17.41%) in the broiler chickens; while combined injection of ginger+oyster mushroom resulted to improved thigh percentage (8.62 %) when compared to corresponding results gotten in other groups. At 7 days of age, in ovo injection of garlic+ ginger+oyster mushroom improved the villus height (1099.05 µm) in the birds. In conclusion, in ovo injection of aqueous extract of phytobiotics (garlic+ginger+oyster mushroom) is appropriate for broiler production without adverse effects on the performance.
RESPONSE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS TO DIETS CONTAINING Phyllanthus amarus (STONE-BREAKER)SHOOT POWDER AS PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVE
(2023-11-20) OMOSEBI, BABATUNDE GABRIEL
ABSTRACT The hazardous effects of antibiotics justify the ban on its usage in animal feed by the European Union in 2006. Thus, there is a need to find alternatives to antibiotics in order to bridge the existing gap between improved animal performance and safety of animal products to consumers. This study investigated the effect of diets containing Phyllanthus amarus shoot powder (PASP) on in vitrostudies and nutrient utilization by West African Dwarf Goats (WAD). Two experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 investigated the in vitro gas production, fermentation characteristics and post-incubation parameters of diets containing PASP. The experimental substrate consists of Panicum maximum and a formulated concentrate diet which consist of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/g DM PASP. Gas production was carried out for 48 hours and methane production was estimated. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), In vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) and In vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) were determined.In Experiment 2, Twenty-four West African Dwarf Goats with body weight range of 9.5 – 11.2 kg were used for the experiment. The animals were allocated on a weight equalization basis to four dietary treatments (six animals per treatment) in a Completely Randomized Design. The animals were fed concentrate diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/g inclusion level of PASP and Panicum maximum as basal diet. The feeding trial lasted for 84 days. Data obtained from the two experiments were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using the Duncan's multiple range test. Performance characteristics, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, microbial analysis of rumen fluid, haematological and serum biochemical indices were evaluated.PASP reduced IVDMD and IVNDFD at 15 mg/g inclusion level.The weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by PASP with animals fed diets containing 10 mg/g PASP having the highest weight gain of 3.53 kg. Animals offered diet containing 15 mg/g PASP had the highest(p< 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) digestibility of 79.17%, 82.37% and 78.90%, respectively while the lowest DMI,CP and CF digestibility (73.51%, 76.70% and 68.77%) was recorded respectively with animals fed 0 mg/g PASP. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best with animals fed diets containing 10 and 15 mg/g PASP (8.85 and 9.46), respectively. Nitrogen retention was significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by PASP with animals offered diets containing 15 mg/g PASP having the highest value of 73.67%. Protozoa count reduced significantly in animals fed diets containing 10 and 15 mg/g PASP (0.12 × 103 cell/ml) and (0.13 × 103 cell/ml) respectively.There were significant (p< 0.05) differences in red blood cell count and serum glucose of the animals fed diets containing 15 mg/g PASP having highest value of (10.70 × 1012 /L) and (61.60 mg/dl) respectively. This study concluded that 15 mg/g PASP inclusion in the diet of WAD Goats improved weight gain, FCR, DMI,Nitrogen retention,red blood cell and serum glucose.

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