College of Plant Science & Crop Production

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    IMPACT OF TILLAGE AND FERTILIZER REGIME ON SOIL NITRFYING BACTERIA AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ACTIVITIES UNDER CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta L.) CULTIVATION
    (2023-09-30) THANNI, Bolaji Margaret
    ABSTRACT Farmers in south-west Nigeria are willing to adopt practices such as tillage and fertilizer to increase cassava root yield. Meanwhile, the adoption of these agronomic practices has implications for microorganisms that are related to both soil and cassava nutrition. A study was therefore carried out to determine the effect of tillage and fertilizer application on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrifying bacteria populations in cassava cultivation. Additionally, the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in cassava and their concentration in the soil were monitored. The study was carried out in 2016 and 2017 on two farmers' fields each at Ido, and Odeda Local Government Areas in Oyo and Ogun state respectively. The experiment comprised two levels of plough till {single plough (SP) and zero plough (ZP)}, two levels of traditional ploughing {ridge (R) and flat (FL)} and fertilizer application {fertilized (F) and unfertilized (F1)} arranged in a split-split plot fitted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Cassava variety TME 419 was planted at 1 m × 0.8 m spacing. Spores population and AMF species associated with cassava were isolated and identified. Per cent root colonization (RC) was determined by the grid-plate method while Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were cultured on Winograsky selective media and colonies counted were expressed in colony-forming unit (CFU). N, P, and K uptake and root yield were determined at harvest. Data collected were subjected to Analyses of Variance using R statistics software version 3.6.2 for Windows and treatments means were separated using the Least Significant Difference at p < 0.05. Results showed a high spore population at 48 Weeks After Planting (WAP) in both locations for both years and no fertilizer application relatively led to a 12.7% increment in spore population in bot sites. A total of five AMF genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Enthrospora, Gigaspora, and vii Scutellospora) were isolated from the soil while Glomus spp. predominated. Ploughing increased RC at Ido (26%) and Odeda (9%). Nitrosomonas spp. increased on single-ploughed flat and unfertilized plots. While there was inconsistency in the response of Nitrobacter spp to tillage and fertilizer application across locations in both years. At Ido, single ploughing led to 25%, and 13.4% increments in root yield in 2017 and 2018 respectively. While fertilizer application also increased yield by 13% in 2017 and a subsequent 13.4% in the preceding year. Similarly at Odeda, root yield increased on plots that were single ploughed and fertilized in both years. Plants with higher root yield had an increase in NPK accumulation and NPK concentrations increased under ZP. The study concluded that a combination of ploughing, ridging, and fertilizer application is favourable to high root yield in cassava and beneficial soil organisms such as AMF and some nitrifying bacteria.
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    EFFECTS OF SIMPLE ENGINEERING APPROACHES AND POULTRY MANURE APPLICATION ON SOIL EROSION CONTROL AND MAIZE (Zea mays L.) YIELD IN A DERIVED SAVANNA SLOPY LAND
    (2024-01-23) AKANNI, SODIQ DIMEJI
    ABSTRACT Soil erosion is a form of soil degradation which involves process caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents and anthropogenic activities affecting agricultural lands. This study estimated the effects of simple engineering approaches and poultry manure (PM) application on soil erosion control and its economic implication on maize yield in a derived savanna slopy land. The experiment was conducted during the early 2019 and late 2020 planting seasons at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. The experiment was a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement with three replications, fitted into a Randomized Completely Block Design. Maize was planted using four simple engineering approaches (Surface mat, Silt fencing, Furrow dike and Control) as erosion control measures. Two levels of PM (0 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1) were incorporated into the soil. Soil pins were erected and erosion plots were laid to quantify eroded soil from each plot. The annual soil loss was estimated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance using GENSTAT 12TH edition. The results showed that the lowest soil losses of 1.30 t ha-1 yr-1 and 1.0 t ha-1 yr-1 were obtained from plots under surface mat in 2019 and 2020, respectively compared with other engineering approaches. The bulk density of soil was not significantly affected by engineering approaches. Plots under surface mats, however, had the lowest bulk density (1.12 g cm-3) in 2019. Highest saturated hydraulic conductivity (11.49 cm hr-1) in 2019 and (10.71 cm hr-1) in 2020 were recorded on plots treated with 20 t ha-1 poultry manure (PM20) which was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the control, suggesting an improve soil structure. Application of PM20 resulted in a slightly acidic (soil pH 6.31) and increased the soil total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) compared with the unmanured plots. Significant differences were not observed as a result of simple engineering approaches effects on soil chemical properties with the exception of silt fencing which increased N, P and K compared with the control. Grain yield (1,598.5 kg ha-1) were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in 2019 and 2020 (2,116.4 kg ha-1) on plots with surface mat combined with PM20 respectively. Surface mat was more effective in reducing soil loss compared with other simple engineering approaches. Soil physical and chemical properties were improved by the application of PM. Growth and yield of maize were improved on plots with silt fencing but resulted in a negative economic benefit while practice of surface mat was economically viable with PM application. Economically, surface mat produced the highest profit gain which was 149% greater than the control. Therefore, the use of surface mat in combination with poultry manure should be used to reduce soil loss, enhance the soil physical and chemical properties and also increase maize yield.
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    EFFECTS OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomea batatas L.) INTERCROP ON INFESTATION OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) BY FLEA BEETLE Podagrica spp. (COLEOPTERA:CHRYSOMELIDAE)
    (2024-09-20) OLALEYE, ADEBAYO PETER
    ABSTRACT Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an important fruit vegetable crop and source of calorie for human consumption. Its production is constrained by a complex of insect pests among which flea beetles alone cause more than 56% damage. This study determined the density of flea beetles, leaf damage and yield in A. esculentus intercropped with I. batatas and determined Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of okra in the intercrop. The study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta in the late planting season, 2020 (Dry) (November - December) and was repeated in early planting season, 2021 (Wet) (July-August). The okra and sweet potato varieties NHAE 47- 4 and Saba were planted on ridges separated by a 1 m spacing. The treatments in the study are sole Abelmoschus esculentus, sole Ipomea batatas, single alternate row of A. esculentus and I. batatas, single alternate row of I. batatas and A. esculentus, double row of A. esculentus and single alternate row of I. batatas, double row of I. batatas and single alternate row of A. esculentus, double row of I. batatas and double alternate row of A. esculentus, double row of A. esculentus and double alternate row of I. batatas. The treatments were replicated three times and laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design. Data were collected from 6 tagged plants at 4,6 and 8 weeks after planting on number of insects, plant height, number of damaged and undamaged leaves, number of damaged and undamaged okra pod/plant, number of tubers per plot, weight of tubers per plot and percentage of damaged pods was determined. Data on insect numbers was transformed using √(x + 0.5), while data on percentage was log-transformed before analysis. All data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance and significant means were separated using Student-Newman Keuls Test (SNK) at 5% level of probability. In the late and early planting seasons, number of flea beetles (1.76 and 2.92 respectively) in plots planted with sole okra were significantly (p< 0.05) higher than in plots planted with okra and sweet potato intercrop. In the late planting season, leaf damage (69.67%) was higher than the leaf damage (65.39%) in the early planting season. In the early planting season, the plot planted with sole okra had the highest yield (3.32 t/h) compared to (3.10 t/h) during the late planting season. In 2020, LER of the intercrop was 3.72, while it was 1.59 in 2021. The LER being above 1.0 indicates that higher productivity per unit area was achieved by growing the crops together than growing them separately. Sole okra plots had higher flea beetle infestation which affected growth, pod formation, fruit weight and pod yield. Intercropping okra with sweet potato reduced the flea beetle population hence reducing leaf damage caused by Podagrica spp. It is also concluded that okra intercropped with sweet potato at different arrangements significantly reduced and controlled the population of Podagrica spp compared to when okra is planted as sole.
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    GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) TREATED WITH POULTRY MANURE AND BOTANICALS
    (2024-09-23) AKINDOYIN, GBOYEGA EMMANUEL
    ABSTRACT Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivation is increasing in Obafemi-Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State in response to increasing demands. Nutrient deficiency and insect pests are, however, major constraints to its cultivation. The study therefore, aimed to determine optimum poultry manure (PM) and botanical extract (BE) rates required for optimum cucumber fruit yield and wholesomeness. The field trials were carried out in Sedfort Farms, Ogbe-Eruku (7o 00l N 3o 47l E) between July and September, 2023 for first planting (FP) and residual planting (RP) at two weeks after termination of FP between October and December 2023. Trial was laid out in split plot arrangement fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. Main-plot was PM rate (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) while subplot was BE of Azadirachta indica,Jatropha gossypifolia, Tithonia diversifolia applied at 10% w/v and 625 L two times a week from 2 to 8 weeks after planting and no-spray (control).Data were collected on: vine length (VL); number of leaves (NL); average leaf area (ALA); insect population density (IPD); severity of leaf damage; number of days to first male and female flowering; number of days to first fruiting; number of fruits per plant (NFP); fruit weight; yield per plant; yield per hectare (YPH); fruit firmness (FF); total soluble solids (TSS); vitamins A and C contents. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance and significantly different means were separated using Least Significant Difference at 5% probability level. Poultry manure rate and BE significantly influenced growth, yield and insect infestation. In both trials, cucumber treated with 10 or 15 t of PM had significantly longer vines, higher NL, wider ALA and higher YPH (50.25% or 52.19% in FP and 50.20% or 69.66% in RP, respectively). Cucumber that received 0 or 5 t PM in RP, had the least IPD while 10 or 15 t PM treatments had significantly higher IPD, with 46.03% or 49.02%, respectively. Leaf damage was least on cucumber that received no PM. Plants treated with 5, 10, 15 t of PM treatments had significantly higher leaf damage of 38.42%, 41.32% or 50.60% in FP and 37.68%, 36.42% or 41.24% in RP, respectively. Botanical extract did not affect VN, NL and ALA in both trials. Cucumber that received T. diversifolia spray had significantly higher NFP, YPH of 21.69%, 6.85% and 45.24%, 11.89% in FP and RP, respectively than control which had least observations. In the RP, use of BE significantly reduced IPD than no-spray. A. indica, T. diversifolia and J. gossypifolia had the same effect on IPD of cucumber. A. indica significantly reduced leaf damage by 24.73% in FP and 12.78% RP while no-spray had the highest leaf damage in both trials. FF, TSS, vitamin A and C were not significantly affected by PM and BE in both trials. In conclusion, application of PM at 10 t/ha and T. diversifolia extract at 10% w/v and 625 L/ha are recommended for optimum growth, yield, insect pests control and good quality in cucumber production.
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    EVALUATION OF SEED YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS IN SOME MAIZE (Zea mays L) HYBRIDS IN TWO AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA.
    (2024-10-25) ADERIYE, KEHINDE SAMSON OLUSOLA
    ABSTRACT Determination of physical and physiological characteristics in seed quality is important to crop production. However, little information exists in this aspect in some newly developed hybrids maize in Nigeria. The study assessed the forty maize (Zea mays L) hybrids for seedling growth, seed quality (SQ) traits and seed yield (SY). The experimental fields were located in Ibadan, Oyo State and Ikenne in Ogun State. Ibadan representing Derived savannah was on 3° 56´ E ; 7° 33´ N 168 m above sea level (asl) while Ikenne, a rain forest zone was located on 3o 42` E ; 6o 54` N 062 m asl. The field evaluation was conducted from August to November, 2021. The field trial was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design with three replicates both in Ibadan and Ikenne, Nigeria, to evaluate the yield of the hybrids. SQ assessment was done in March 2022 at the Seed Laboratory of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Ibadan and the Laboratory of Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta in a Complete Randomized Design with three replicate. SQ parameters involving germination such as number of seed planted, normal germinated seeds, total number of normal germinated seedling, seedling length, were transformed using arc-sine to get Mean Germination Time (MGT), Seedling Vigour Index(SVI) and Seedling Germination index(SGI) before analysis. Seed physical parameters such as projected area(PA), straight length(SL), curve length(CL), straight width(SW), curve width(CW), curvature(C), Surface area circle(SAC) and projected perimeter(PA) were taken. Data collected on SY and SQ were subjected to analysis of variance. The treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% probability. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to detect the association among SY and various quality parameters. The results showed highly significant differences (p< 0.01) in SY, seed physiological and physical parameters of the maize hybrids. Hybrids ARTM 39, ARTM 4, ARTM 48 and ARTM 21 were the highest seed yielders with their corresponding values of 9.32 t ha-1, 8.45 t ha-1, 8.43 t ha-1 and 8.4 t ha-1 respectively, across locations. The seed physiological qualities showed that Hybrid ARTM 4 was superior to other hybrids. Seed physical parameters revealed that Hybrid ARTM 39 was the most superior in respect to PA, SL, CL, SW and CW. The SY significantly and positively correlated to the number of leaves (r=0.39**) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) (r=0.78). Similarly, seedling height (SH) had good association with mean germination time and seedling vigour index. The seedling weight (SWT) had highly significant and positive correlation with mean germination time (r=0.33**) while SVI and SGI showed significant association with one another (r=0.94**). There was positive association among all the traits of seed physical quality except for seed curvature. It is concluded that Hybrids ARTM 39, ARTM 4, ARTM 48 and ARTM 21 had moderate surface area circle showing good seed physical quality, physiological quality and SY which contributed to the yield of the hybrids. The hybrids listed are therefore, recommended to the seed companies for exploration of their yield potential.
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    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF AGRO-NUTRITIONAL TRAITS INCROSSES AND INBRED LINES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) UNDER CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS
    (2024-11-15) ALAWODE, YETUNDE OPEYEMI
    ABSTRACT Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)has notable nutraceutical and therapeutic attributes. However, it is underexploited and the genetic diversity of this crop is enormous for precise evaluation of its nutritional enhancement. This investigation was done to assess genetic diversity, environmental stability, combining ability, gene action, and nutritional value of various okra genotypes. Four experiments were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farms of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (7.15°N, 3.36°E), and Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ayetoro (7° 14′20.62′′N, 3° 1′57.31′′E) from May 2018 to December 2021, using randomized complete block design in three replications. Thirteen agronomic and morphological descriptors were used to evaluate genetic variability among 30 Okra inbred lines. Thereafter, hybridization was done using the Line-by-tester mating design (three lines and nine testers). The twelve parents and 27 crosses obtained were evaluated morphologically in wet and dry seasons of 2019 and 2021. Nutritional evaluation was used to determine mineral contents (calcium, iron, and Vitamins A, C, and E). Data were subjected to analysis of variance while means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. Correlation, Coefficients of Variability (PCV, GCV), broad–sense heritability (Hb), and Genetic Advance (GA) were estimated. Additive and Dominance components, Gene Action, Combining Abilities (General and Specific), GGE Biplot and Single Linkage Clustering Analysis (SLCA) were also done to determine variability, gene effects and stability patterns. Results revealed significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among the inbred lines and their crosses for all traits except leaf length and breadth and peduncle length. Locations, seasons, genotypes, and interactions also showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01, p≤ 0.05) for fruit yield (FY) and 1000 seed weight (1000SW). The results also revealed highly significant values among the parents and their crosses for calcium, iron, zinc and vitamins. Significant and positive correlation was recorded for number of fruits per plant, FY and 1000SW across all environments. High PCV was recorded for calcium (25%) and iron (22%). PCV ranged from 39% (number of plants) to 14% (peduncle length). High heritability was observed for 1000SW (100%), while fruit diameter had low heritability (3.27%). Genetic advance was also high for plant height (32.74) but low for leaf breadth (3.41) and leaf length (9.18). The best general combiners for fruit yield were P1, P3, P5, P6, P7, while the best specific combiners for fruit yield were P1XP4, P1XP8, P2XP8, P3XP4, P3XP12. Results of the GGE biplot showed that the 8 environments fell into one sector where Abeokuta 2019 (wet season) is the most representative environment. Both G21 (NGB00322 x Yeleen) and G22 (NGB00326 x NGB00297) possess high yield and stable attributes. Eight clusters were identified in this study with Cluster I having the highest calcium and iron contents and cluster VI having the highest Vitamin A content. The study concluded that plant height, number of fruits, fruit length, fruit diameter and individual fruit weight are best characters to be selected for yield improvement, while P1XP8, P1XP11, P2XP7, P2XP11, P3XP9, P1XP8 and P1XP11 are superior hybrids for yield improvement
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    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF AGRO-NUTRITIONAL TRAITS IN CROSSES AND INBRED LINES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) UNDER CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS
    (2024-11-25) ALAWODE, YETUNDE OPEYEMI
    ABSTRACT Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) has notable nutraceutical and therapeutic attributes. However, it is underexploited and the genetic diversity of this crop is enormous for precise evaluation of its nutritional enhancement. This investigation was done to assess genetic diversity, environmental stability, combining ability, gene action, and nutritional value of various okra genotypes. Four experiments were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farms of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (7.15°N, 3.36°E), and Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ayetoro (7° 14′20.62′′N, 3° 1′57.31′′E) from May 2018 to December 2021, using randomized complete block design in three replications. Thirteen agronomic and morphological descriptors were used to evaluate genetic variability among 30 Okra inbred lines. Thereafter, hybridization was done using the Line-by-tester mating design (three lines and nine testers). The twelve parents and 27 crosses obtained were evaluated morphologically in wet and dry seasons of 2019 and 2021. Nutritional evaluation was used to determine mineral contents (calcium, iron, and Vitamins A, C, and E). Data were subjected to analysis of variance while means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. Correlation, Coefficients of Variability (PCV, GCV), broad–sense heritability (Hb), and Genetic Advance (GA) were estimated. Additive and Dominance components, Gene Action, Combining Abilities (General and Specific), GGE Biplot and Single Linkage Clustering Analysis (SLCA) were also done to determine variability, gene effects and stability patterns. Results revealed significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among the inbred lines and their crosses for all traits except leaf length and breadth and peduncle length. Locations, seasons, genotypes, and interactions also showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01, p≤ 0.05) for fruit yield (FY) and 1000 seed weight (1000SW). The results also revealed highly significant values among the parents and their crosses for calcium, iron, zinc and vitamins. Significant and positive correlation was recorded for number of fruits per plant, FY and 1000SW across all environments. High PCV was recorded for calcium (25%) and iron (22%). PCV ranged from 39% (number of plants) to 14% (peduncle length). High heritability was observed for 1000SW (100%), while fruit diameter had low heritability (3.27%). Genetic advance was also high for plant height (32.74) but low for leaf breadth (3.41) and leaf length (9.18). The best general combiners for fruit yield were P1, P3, P5, P6, P7, while the best specific combiners for fruit yield were P1XP4, P1XP8, P2XP8, P3XP4, P3XP12. Results of the GGE biplot showed that the 8 environments fell into one sector where Abeokuta 2019 (wet season) is the most representative environment. Both G21 (NGB00322 x Yeleen) and G22 (NGB00326 x NGB00297) possess high yield and stable attributes. Eight clusters were identified in this study with Cluster I having the highest calcium and iron contents and cluster VI having the highest Vitamin A content. The study concluded that plant height, number of fruits, fruit length, fruit diameter and individual fruit weight are best characters to be selected for yield improvement, while P1XP8, P1XP11, P2XP7, P2XP11, P3XP9, P1XP8 and P1XP11 are superior hybrids for yield improvement
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    GENETIC DIVERSITY AND CHARACTER CORRELATION STUDIES AMONG SELECTED GENOTYPES OF OKRA, Abelmoschusesculentus(LINN) MOENCH ACROSS TWO ENVIRONMENTS
    (2024-12-22) AJANI MorufOlaide
    ABSTRACT Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) has caught global attention in terms of nutritional and medicinal properties. However, narrow genetic base of the crop impedes its improvement programme. To this end, genetic diversity and character correlation studies is inevitable. The experiment was designed on 35 okra genotypes collected from National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Ibadan to (i) determine the diversity among selected okra genotypes (ii) assess characters association and (iii) identify high-yielding genotypes. The research was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (70 15’ N 30 44’E) and the Field Genebank of NACGRAB, Ibadan (70 25’ N 30 51’E)between July and November, 2022. Data collected on 19 agro-morphological traits were analyzed using SAS 1999 package. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to detect significant differences among the 35 genotypes based on 19 agro-morphological traits. Significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine the contribution of each trait to the total variation observed. Broad sense heritability (H2) and Genetic Advance (GA) were also determined for each of those traits. Fastclus analysis was used for partitioning clustering on similarities, and variation within cluster. ANOVA showed highly significant (p<0.01) genotype effect on days to 50% flowering (DAF50), days to first fruiting (DFFR), number of pods (NP), seed yield per plot (SYP) while interaction effect was highly significant (p<0.01) in DFFR, NP, SYP, 100 seed weight (100SW). PCA showed 7 principal components with eigen values > 1 with PC 1 accounting for highest proportion variation of 23.00%, followed by PC 2 (9.00%) and PC 7 (5.12%) with cumulative variation of 65.28%. Broad-sense Heritability ranged from 0.02 for pod width (PDW) to 0.14 for 100SW while GA showed lowest value (2.94) for PDW and highest value (228.25) for SYP. Genotypic correlation coefficient showed that seed yield was highly and positively significant with days to emergence (DTE) (r = 1.00**), plant height (PH) (r = 1.00**), PDW (r = 0.44**) and negative correlation with day to first flowering (DFFL) (r = 1.00**), DAF50 (r = 0.14**), DFFR (r = 0.02**). Phenotypic correlation coefficient indicated that seed yield exhibited significant positive correlation with most traits. Fastclus analysis produced 7 clusters on similarities; Cluster 1 (11 genotypes), Cluster 2 (8 genotypes), Cluster 3 (3 genotypes), Cluster 4 (3 genotypes), Cluster 5 (6 genotypes), Cluster 6 (3 genotypes) and Cluster 7 (1 genotype). It was concluded there is diversity among the 35 okra genotypes with significant traits correlation among the characters considered. 1NGB0040, NGB00346, NGB00333, NGB00469, NGB00349, NGB02456, NGB00343, NGB00331, NGB02433, NGB00464, NGB00297 and NGB00298 are identified as high yielding, and recommended for heterosis breeding.
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    EFFECTS OF SHADE DENSITY AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER RATE ON GROWTH AND EARLY FIELD ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) GENOTYPES
    (2025-01-15) ALPHEUS, OLUYEMI SIMON
    ABSTRACT Cocoa is an important tropical commodity tree crop. Its estimated world production was 5.9 million tons in 2024. Cocoa is fraught with problems of cultivated varieties among others. Thus, newly-released varieties were tested under shade densities and compost rates in the nursery and fields of the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta and Owena station of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria. The nurseryexperiment was 3x9x4 factorial in split-split plot laid out in Completely Randomized Design replicated three times. Three shade densities (0, 25, and 50%), Nine cocoa varieties (F3-amazon, CRINTc-1, CRINTc-2, CRINTc-3, CRINTc-4, CRINTc-5, CRINTc-6, CRINTc-7, CRINTc-8) and four compost rates (0, 0.8, 1.7 and 2.5 tons/ha) were allotted main, sub and sub-sub-plot treatments respectively. Data were taken on Percentage emergence and growth. The field trialwas 4x2x4 factorial in split-split plot laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design replicated four times. Main plot comprised four shade densities (0, 50, 100 and 200 of cocoa planting densities), sub plot comprised two cocoa varieties (F3 Amazon and Polyclonal) while sub-sub-plot contained four compost rates (0, 2, 4 and 6tons/ha). Data taken on Percentage survival and growth were subjected to analysis of variance procedures. Treatment means were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P≤ 0.05). At 4 Weeks After Sowing (WAS), highest seedling emergence of 90% was recorded from sown under 50% shade while, lowest emergence of 54% was recorded on those sown under 0% shade. At 18 WAS, seedlings raised from CRIN TC-1 at 50% shade and 0.8 tons/ha compost produced tallest plant (49.3cm) while those raised from CRIN TC-4 at0% shade and zero compost had shorter plant (22.7cm). On the field at Owena,F3-amazon with 2 tons/hacompost application and Polyclonal with 6 tons/hacompost transplanted under 200% shade had higher survival rate (80%) compared to the least survival (31%) recorded in Polyclonal treated to zero compost application and 0% shade. On the field at Abeokuta, F3-Amazon with 6 tons/hacompost and Polyclonal with 4 tons/hacompost under 200% shade had higher survival rate of 49 and 48% respectively, compared to the least (13%) recorded under F3-Amazon treated to zero fertilizer and 0% shade.Cocoa seedlings transplanted under 100% shade was 99.2cm in height while the unshaded transplants were 76.0cm height tall at Owena. Seedlings transplanted under 200% shade was 69.4cm taller than the unshaded transplants with 55.4cm height at Abeokuta. Cocoa transplant with 4 tons/hacompost were taller (99.2cm) compared to the unfertilized (77.8cm) in Owena while in Abeokuta, cocoa transplantswith 6 tons/hacompost were taller (70.1cm) compared to the unfertilized (50.8cm). In conclusion, sowing of cocoa seed under 50% density with 1.7 tons/ha compost was optimum for growth of cocoa seedlings in the nursery. Transplanting of cocoa seedlings under 200% shade density and with 6 tons/ha was compost was optimum for the survival and growth on the field.
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    Efficacy of Bacillus cereus as biocontrol agent against key fungal isolates of Soybean (Glycine Max [L.] Merril) seeds from three Agro-ecological zones in Nigeria
    (2025-01-22) Ajamu Oluwabunmi Deborah
    ABSTRACT Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has become increasingly important in industrial and culinary applications, cultivated across all continents. However, despite substantial growth in acreage and production, soybean productivity remains challenged by various diseases that can severely impact yield and quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Bacillus cereus as a biocontrol agent against key fungal pathogens affecting soybean seeds collected from Ibadan, Ikenne, and Kano. This study is aimed at identifying different B. cereus strain and identify the most aggressive strain of B. cereus from these locations. Seeds from five accessions were collected from three distinct agro-ecological zones in Nigeria, and fungal pathogens were isolated using PDA medium. Nine significant seed-borne fungi were identified through conventional and molecular methods: Botryodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis sp., Fusarium verticilioides, F. oxysporum, Cercospora kikuchii, C. sojina, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Curvularialunata. The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) to investigate the effects of B. cereus on seed-borne and seed-transmitted diseases in a screen house experiment. Each seed was treated with three B. cereus suspensions (106 CFU/ml), with three replicates conducted over two seasons. Biochemical tests and molecular characterization confirmed the three selected B. cereus strains, while in vitro assays demonstrated significant antagonistic effects against the pathogens. Notable differences (p ≤ 0.05) over 12 days indicated that the Kano isolate exhibited the highest aggressiveness compared to those from Ikenne and Ibadan. Analysis of variance revealed significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) among locations and treatments. The findings suggest that B. cereus effectively suppresses the growth of seed-borne and seed-transmitted pathogens in soybean, supporting its use as a biocontrol agent. Additionally, the study emphasizes the variability in biocontrol efficacy and aggressiveness among different B. cereus strains.
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    EFFECT OF HARVESTING STAGES AND HYDRO DORMANCY BREAKING TREATMENT ON SEED PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF Solanum macrocarpon (EGGPLANT)
    (2025-03-05) RAHEEM Sekinat Opeyemi
    ABSTRACT Seed germination is a critical phase in plant life cycle which is affected by dormancy and environmental factors. This study was carried out at Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to investigate the effects of green yellowish and brown harvesting stages on the field and hydro-priming treatments on seed physiological attributes in the laboratory of six African eggplant genotypes (Solanum macrocarpon L.) between April and August 2021. A factorial experiment of 6×2×3×7; genotypes, harvesting stage, hydro-priming methods and levels of hydro-priming methods respectively. The field experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications per plot size of 20 m by 16 m with a bed size of 2 m by 3 m for each genotypes at a spacing of 50 cm by 50 cm for inter-row and intra-row respectively, for double row planting. Completely randomized design was used in the laboratory experiment in three replicates. Seedlots of the six genotypes were subjected to hydro-priming treatments; water at room temperature, hot water and control (without water). This was achieved by putting 1000 seeds of each treatment combinations inside a cloth bag and then soaked in water at room temperature for five soaking durations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours). The treated seeds were left to dry under room temperature for seven days. For hot water treatment, 1000 clean seeds were put in a cloth bag and soaked in hot water at 100 0C for ten seconds and later left to cool in water at room temperature and then left to dry for 7 days under room temperature. fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, number of seed per pod data were collected on the field while in the laboratory, data collected were; seed germination, seedling height, seedling vigour index, days to 50% germination. Data collected were subjected to combined analysis of variance and significant treatment means separated at 5% probability level using Tukey’s HSD test. Correlation coefficient analysis among seed quality traits across hydro-priming techniques was carried out. Significant differences (p≤ 0.05) were observed among the six genotypes of S. macrocarpon, hydro-priming treatments and between the two harvest stages. Seed germination percentage was greater when fruits were harvested at the brown dry stage than at less mature stage (green yellowish stage). Seed dormancy of Solanum macrocarpon can be broken by exposing the harvested matured seeds to water at room temperature for 10 hours. Seeds of fruits harvested at green yellowish fruit stage were of very poor quality. Fruits of genotypes NGBO 0772, NGBO 0266 and NGBO 7715 harvested at brown fruits colour stage exposed to water at room temperature for 10 hours retained maximum seed germination with good attributing traits. The study indicated that seed quality of S. macrocarpon genotypes increases with harvest maturity stage and increases in germination and vigour parameters. Fruits of genotypes (NGBO 0772, NGBO 0266 and NGBO 7715) harvested at brown fruit colour stage exposed to water at room temperature for 10 hours are recommended to farmers and seed companies.
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    EFFECTS OF SOME FUNGICIDE ON INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF LEAF BLIGHT AND FRUIT ROT DISEASES OFCUCUMBER
    (2025-04-22) MORONFOLU, OLUMIDE ALANI
    ABSTRACT Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a widely consumed fruit vegetable popular for its nutritional, economic, and health benefits. In Nigeria, its production is significantly threatened by Leaf Blight (LB) and Fruit Rot (FR) fungal diseases, causing yield losses of 60% to 76%, when not controlled. This study therefore evaluated the effects of three fungicides; FS (Five Star (Azoxystrobin 200 g/L + Difenoconazole 125 g/L SC), DF (Dew Force (Pyraclostrobin 40 g/L + Dithomethorm 72 g/L EC), and RG (Ridomil Gold (Metalaxyl 40 g/kg + Mancozeb 640 g/kg) for the management of incidence and severity of LB and FR diseases on two cucumber varieties, Amarsia Super F1 and Oliver Bold F1. The experiment was conducted during the 2023 and 2024 late and early planting seasons respectively, at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot fitted into Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Cucumber variety was the main plot, while fungicide treatments were assigned to sub plots. Fungicides were applied once in 2 Weeks After Sowing (WAS) for 5 consecutive weeks. Data on disease incidence and severity were collected. Analysis of Variance was performed and significant means were separated using DMRT at a 5% significance level. Fungal pathogens were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and residue analysis was done via UV-visible spectrophotometer. Result shows that FS, RG, and DF reduced LB incidence to 33%, 44%, and 77% respectively at 5 WAS compared to control 100%. However, all treatments showed 100% LB incidence at 7 WAS. The DF fungicide had the lowest disease severity (1.33), followed by RG (1.67) and FS (2.00), while control had the highest (3.67). Fruit rot incidence was lowest on FS (5.56%), followed by DF (7.33%) and RG (9.22%), relative to 74% in the control. Disease severity was lowest in RG (0.22), DF (0.22), and FS (0.33), compared to 2.44 in the control. The FS fungicide enhanced the highest marketable fruit (91% = 5690.67g), followed by DF (89% = 4858.00g), and RG (84% = 3888.33g), compared to 35% yield and 720.67g weight in the control. Fungal species identified as associated with leaf blight symptoms included Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp., Alternaria cucumerina, and Cercospora spp., while pathogenicity test confirmed Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp., and Pythium spp. as the causal organism for fruit rot disease. Residue analysis showed that Metalaxyl (0.000068 mg/kg), Mancozeb (0.000049 mg/kg), Azoxystrobin (0.000049 mg/kg), Difenoconazole (0.000032 mg/kg), Pyraclostrobin (0.000053 mg/kg) and Dithomethorm (0.000038 mg/kg) contamination of fruits remained within acceptable Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).In conclusion, the three fungicides Five Star, Dew Force and Ridomil Gold along with early planting effectively reduced disease incidence and severity with good yield and had a standard safe residue level in cucumber fruits.
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    Influence of Calcium and potassium nitrates on the Growth, Yield and Some Nutritional Quality Traits of Pepper Species (Capsicum spp Linn.)
    (2025-06-12) Akinbule, Abiodun Solomon
    ABSTRACT Calcium and potassium are important nutrient elements, affecting the growth, fruit yield and quality of peppers. Most of the previous studies on the influence of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were mostly done in greenhouses, hence, the need for field evaluation. This study evaluated the influence of foliar Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 applications on growth, yield, and nutritive quality of three pepper species (Capsicum annuum, C. chinense and C. frutescens) at the Directorate of University Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (Latitude 7° 25’ N, Longitude 3° 25’ E). Field experiments were conducted in the late seasons of 2021 and 2024, and early seasons of 2023 and 2024, using Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments; Ca(NO3)2, KNO3, alternating Ca(NO3)2 with KNO3, and no fertilizer application, replicated 3 times. Laboratory experiments were done using 4 (fertilizer treatments) × 3 (pepper species) factorial in Completely Randomized Design, replicated 3 times. Data on vegetative, reproductive, and nutritive variables were analyzed for their variance, with significant treatment means separated by Least Significant Difference (p<0.05). Pearson's correlation, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and k-means clustering assessed nutritive variables associations, nutrient patterns, and species clusters, respectively. Foliar fertilizer applications significantly influenced pepper growth, fruit yields, and nutritive variables in the both seasons and years (p<0.05). Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 produced taller plants (C. annuum: 22.7-22.8%; C. frutescens: 12.4-25.3%) and increased number of leaves/plant [C. annuum: 133% with Ca(NO3)2; C. chinense: 135% with KNO3] across seasons and years, compared to control. Number of fruits of C. annuum was similar with Ca(NO3)2, alternated nitrates and control, but lower with KNO3 in late season 2021, while it increased with Ca(NO3)2 in C. chinense and C. frutescens. Fruit yield was significantly enhanced by Ca(NO3)2 in C. annuum(68.9%) and C. chinense (221%), and by alternating Ca(NO3)2 with KNO3 in C. frutescens (91.0%), compared with control. Ca(NO3)2 had the highest nitrogen (C. annuum: 2353.26 mg/g), while KNO3 often resulted in higher phosphorus with (C. annuum: 272 mg/g) and potassium levels in different species and seasons. Calcium content was highest with KNO3 in C. annuum (109.84 mg/g) and alternating Ca(NO3)2 with KNO3 in C. chinense (106.30 mg/g) and C. frutescens (101.02 mg/g). Fruits of C. frutescens exhibited superior nutritive variables in the late season in both years, except in mineral content. Late and early seasons showed 5/6, and 5/2 nutrient pattern/pepper clusters, respectively. There were more nutrients associated with fruit yield in the late season compared to early season. In conclusion, optimal yields of C. annuum and C. chinense were achieved with Ca(NO3)2 application in both seasons while for C. frutescens it was achieved by both Ca(NO3)2 and alternating Ca(NO3)2 with KNO3 in the late season, and by KNO3 alone in the early season. For optimal pepper yield in Southwestern Nigeria, Ca(NO3)2 is recommended for C. annuum and C. chinense in both seasons. For C. frutescens, alternating Ca(NO3)2 with KNO3 or Ca(NO3)2 alone is recommended for late season and KNO3 for the early season.
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    GENOTYPIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPLE STRESS TOLERANT QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) HYBRIDS FOR ADAPTATION TO DERIVED SAVANNA AGRO-ENVIRONMENTS OF OGUN STATE.
    (2025-06-14) ABIKOYE, MERCY MAYOWA
    ABSTRACT Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major food crop in sub-Saharan Africa, providing a significant portion of dietary calories and nutrients. However, conventional maize lacks essential amino acids like lysine and tryptophan, contributing to malnutrition, particularly in derived savanna. Quality Protein Maize (QPM) addresses this issue by containing nearly twice the amount of these essential amino acids compared to regular maize. This study evaluated the genotypic performance of multiple stress tolerant quality protein maize hybrids for adaptaion to derived savanna agro-environments of Ogun state, with the aim of identifying high-yielding, stable genotypes. The research was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (7°13′N 3°26′E) in August 2023 to November 2023 (early season) and June 2023 to September 2024 (late season). Also at the Teaching and Research Farm of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ayetoro Campus (7°15'N 3°3'E) in August 2023 to November 2023 (early season). Thirty-three extra-early QPM hybrids, along with two local checks, were evaluated on the field using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on nine agronomic traits, visual disease syndrome rating to ear rot, leaf blight, maize streak, and cercospora leaf spot were observed on a scale of 1-5. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance, heritability estimates and GGE biplot analysis to evaluate genotypic performance and stability across the three environments. Significant genotypic variability among the hybrids for grain yield, days to tasseling, and disease tolerance were observed. Hybrids such as QH60, QH19, and QH21 demonstrated superior performance in specific environments, with grain yields of 1,745.10 kg/ha, 3,465.10 kg/ha, 3372.55 kg/ha, respectively. Almost all the hybrids exhibited minimal diseases syndrome rating for ear rot, maize streak, and leaf blight. However heritability estimate for grain yield and stem lodging was low with 9.58% and 2.90% respectively, while ear aspect showed high heritability (123.39%). Genetic gain for grain yield was moderate (8.47%). However, ear aspect and 100-seed weight exhibited higher genetic gains of 81.42% and19.12% respectively.GGE biplot analysis revealed that the three environments belonged to two mega environments with Ayetoro 2023 being the most representative and stable. Abeokuta 2024 was the most discriminative environment while Ayetoro 2023 was the least discriminative, with more uniform genotypic performance. Hybrids QH34, QH18, QH30 and LOC2, were consistent in performance across environments. Hybrid QH38 was the highest-yielding (3,389.02 kg/ha) and most stable hybrid across environments. Hybrid QH29, QH61 and LOC1 had poor grain yield across the three environments. Hybrid LOC1, QH58, and QH11 were less responsive with poor inconsistent performance across the environments. In conclusion, this study identified QPM hybrids with high yield potential, stability, and tolerance to multiple stresses, making them suitable for cultivation in the savanna agro-ecologies of Ogun state. These integration of stable, high-performing QPM hybrids into breeding programs is recommended to mitigate the effects of climate change and improve maize productivity in stress-prone environments.
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    INFLUENCE OF AGE AT TRANSPLANTING AND INTRA-ROW SPACING ON GROWTH AND AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME FOUNDATION PLANTS IN THE LANDSCAPE
    (2025-06-23) FASINA, ABIMBOLA ADEFEMI
    ABSTRACT Foundation plants are important natural elements of visual landscapes. Understanding responses of different foundation plants to transplanting age and plant spacing is crucial for landscape development. The study was conducted to evaluate propagation, growth and aesthetic attributes of three plant species under different intra-row spacings and transplanting ages in the nursery and on the landscape of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (Latitude 7°15’N and Longitude 3° 25’E) in 2022 and 2023. Propagation of Duranta repens (Yellow bush), Buxus sempervirens (West indies) and Ixora coccinea (Jungle flame) was evaluated in experiment I. Stem cuttings of these plants were raised in the nursery in polyethylene pots filled with topsoil. Experiment II investigated the growth and aesthetic performance of the three plant species in the field under 25, 50 and 75 cm intra-row spacings and ages of 8, 10 and 12 weeks old at transplanting. Treatments in both Experiments I and II were laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. Data were collected on percentage rooted cuttings, percentage survival, number of leaves, plant height, number of branches, canopy spread, shoot fresh, shoot dry weights and aesthetic impression. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference at 5% probability level. Results showed that there was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in percentage rooted and sprouted cutting among the three plant species. However, at 10 weeks after planting B. sempervirens had the tallest (17.23 cm) ramet with highest number of leaves/plant (123) and branches (9 branches/plant). Age at transplanting and spacing significantly affected percentage survival, number of leaves, plant height, number of branches, canopy spread, shoot fresh and dry weights, colour and form among the three plant species evaluated. Buxus sempervirens ramet transplantedat 10 weeks old using 25 cm intra-row spacingshortest period (180 days). Duranta repens ranked highest in terms of colour attractiveness while B. sempervirens performed better with form using visual assessment ranking. Canopy formation covering an area 1350 cm was in the order of B. sempervirens>D. repens>I. coccinea. Optimum growth and aesthetic characteristics in B. sempervirens and D. repens occurred when 10 weeks old ramets were transplanted at 50 cm intra-row spacing, and I. coccinea, when 12 weeks old ramet were transplanted at 25 cm intra-row spacing. The study concluded that B. sempervirens, D. repens and I. coccinea are suitable for use as foundation plants.
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    AGRO–MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND INTER-CHARACTER RELATIONSHIP AMONG TWENTY ACCESSIONS OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
    (2025-07-03) OLALEYE, MONSURAT OLAJUMOKE
    ABSTRACT Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a vital crop worldwide, valued for its economic and nutritional importance. Information on genetic contribution and inter-character relationship between fruit yield and agro-morphological traits of twenty accessions of tomatoes is needed for improvement of tomato, hence this study was conducted. The research was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Ogun state (07° 20’N, 03° 23’°E) in April 2024 to July 2024 (early season) and July 2024 to November 2024 (late season). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates. Data were collected on number of days to emergence, number of days to flowering, number of days to maturity, number of fruits, stem girth (mm), peduncle length (cm), fruit length (cm), fruit width (cm) and fruit weight (g). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability level, Genotypic and Phenotypic variance, Heritability (Broad sense), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficient correlation were evaluated. In early season, accessions were significantly different from one another for days to maturity and number of fruits at (P≤0.01). In late season, accessions were significantly different from one another for days to flowering and days to maturity (at P≤0.01). Mean separation showed that accessions NHTO 0347 and NHTO 0258 in early season and accessions NHTO 0254 and NHTO 0355 in late season had the highest fruit traits. For early season, the phenotypic coefficient variation ranged from 22.44 for days to emergence to 546.37 for fruit weight while genotypic coefficient variation ranged from 9.48 for days to emergence to137.94 for number of fruits. High heritability was recorded for days to emergence, days to flowering, days to maturity, peduncle length, and fruit length. For late season, phenotypic coefficient variation ranged from 7.90 for days to maturity to 194.46 for fruit length while genotypic coefficient variation ranged from 7.47 for days to emergence to 166.14 for fruit length. All traits had high heritability in late season. For the principal component analysis (PCA), the eigen values were greater than one in both seasons and cumulatively accounted for 72.98% and 64.22% of the total variation for early and late seasons, respectively. Fruit weight was the highest contributor in both seasons for first principal component. There were significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation between days to maturity and days to emergence, days to maturity and days to flowering, number of fruits and stem girth, fruit weight and fruit width. In conclusion, significant genetic variation exists among the tomato accessions evaluated for days to flowering, days to maturity and number of fruits. The positive significant correlation between two traits would facilitate selection and simultaneous improvement, particularly for economically important traits. Accessions NHTO 0347 and NHTO 0258 in early season and accessions NHTO 0254 and NHTO 0355 in late season could be used as parents in breeding programme.
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    HAUSA WOMEN’S HEALTH PATTERN AND BARRIERS TO HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION IN SABO AREA OF ABEOKUTA
    (2025-07-04) OYEWOLE, OLAMIDE TOSIN
    ABSTRACT Maternal mortality remains unacceptably high in Nigeria with existing maternal health interventions, therefore this study often focussed generalized on health care and failed to consider the unique cultural and socio-economic barriers that influence Hausa women's healthcare decisions. This research work adopted a descriptive research design, which involves the collection of data from 150 respondents, using a well-structured and standardized questionnaire, A multi-stage sampling method was used to select the respondents. The data collected was analyzed using a descriptive statistical tool and Pearson Product Moment Correlation to test the hypotheses stated in the research. The results of the study indicated that in terms of age distribution, majority 33 (22%) were between 31-35years' on marital status 97 (64.7%) were married, majority 54 (36%) have no formal education. Findings indicated a selective pattern of health among the respondents with sleep problems (x̄= 2.64) ranked 1st, Somatic (x̄=2.41) ranked 2nd and depressed mood (x̄=2.25) ranked 3rd respectively. Findings also assessed the barriers to healthcare utilization, respondents identified a wide range of challenges, categorized into individual/family related barriers (x̄=2.03), health care sector- related barriers (x̄=1.94) and personal related barriers (x̄=1.91). In conclusion, the study established that age, health patterns and perceived barriers to health utilization are interrelated. Overall, the study highlights the critical need to address not just structural deficiencies but also socio-cultural and personal factors to improve healthcare access and health outcomes of the respondents. Therefore, targeted interventions should be designed for vulnerable subgroups, such as older adults and those with low educational attainment, focusing on preventive care, mental health support and guidance on navigating healthcare services effectively.