College of Environmental Resources Management

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Browsing College of Environmental Resources Management by Author "AMINU, RUTH OLUWASEYI"

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    DIETARY INCLUSION OF SCENT LEAF (Ocimum gratissimum) AND DRIED CITRUS PEEL (Citrus sinensis) AS ANTI-OXIDANTS TO ALLEVIATE TRANSPORT STRESS IN JUVENILE Clarias gariepinus
    (2025-07-09) AMINU, RUTH OLUWASEYI
    ABSTRACT Fish transportation is a routine activity in aquaculture which may likely induce physiological stress due to handling, crowding, and fluctuating water quality.Oxidative stress is an oxidative imbalance caused by disability to detoxify free radicals during cellular metabolic activity. In preventing these oxidations, antioxidants are important. Synthetic antioxidants are commonly used to mitigate oxidative stress but natural antioxidants may offer a safer, more sustainable option for enriching immunity and improving fish survival. This study assessed the effect ofdried scent leaf (SL) and citrus peel (CP) as naturalsources of antioxidants to alleviateoxidative stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Nine iso-nitrogenous (40% CP) diets were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish which contained varied percentages; 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 SL and CP with 0 as the control diets for eight weeks. Two hundred and seventy C. gariepinus juveniles (6.42 ± 0.05g) were randomly distributed into nine dietary treatments. The growth and survival rate, hematology, histopathology of the gills, cortisol, antioxidant enzyme and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of C. gariepinus subjected to simulated transportation by road were assessed. Data obtained were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using IBM SPSS (version 25), turkey post-hoc test and R software. The results of the proximate analysis showed that fish fed with SL 10% and CP 7.5% had the highest crude protein(40.16±0.28, 40.61±0.29) respectively, while the highest fibre content were recorded in feed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP (5.77±0.10, 5.27±0.00) respectively. The highest mean weight gain (MWG) (2.79 ± 0.49g; 4.41 ± 0.99g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.49 ± 0.23g; 2.48 ± 0.46g), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), (3.74 ±0.58g; 6.20 ± 1.17g) were recorded in fish fed with 10% SL and 10% CP, respectively while the lowest FCR (1.28 ± 0.23g), SGR (0.53 ± 0.09g), and PER (3.20 ± 0.57g) were observed in fish fed with the control diets. Optimum survival was observed in fish fed with 7.5% SL, 2.5% CP and 10% CP. Fish fed with 10% SL and 2.5% CP had an increased packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) values compared to other treatments.Histopathologicalexaminations of the gills of fish revealed mild alterations in the 2.5% SL, 5.0% SL and 2.5% CP group.Cortisol levels did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) before and after transportation in fish fed with 7.5% SL and 5.0% CP diets.The antioxidant enzymes activities; superoxide dismutase (0.34 ± 0.07 µ/L), and catalase (0.44 ± 0.05 µ/L) of fish fed 10% SL increased significantly (p<0.05), and the malondialdehyde level of the fish fed with 10% SL (0.18 ± 0.02µ/LE-08 ) and 5.0% CP (0.81 ± 0.01µ/LE-08)decreased significantly (p<0.05)after transportation stress compared to the fish fed the control diets. In Conclusion, the dietary inclusion levels of 5% - 10% SL and 5% - 7.5%CP served as effective antioxidantsin alleviating transport stress in C. gariepinus juveniles.