Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Development and Sustainable Environment (CEADESE)
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Item ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON DISEASE INCIDENCE ACROSS MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA(2024-08-20) OLADELE, ABDULWASI OLASUNBOABSTRACT Weather parameters play a role in the phenomenon of disease pandemics all over the world. This research studied climate variability impacts on the incidence of diseases in the three main metropolitan areas (Egba, Yewa and Ijebu) of Ogun state, Nigeria. This study determines the climate variability impacts on the incidence of diseases in Ogun state. Hospital data such as uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, typhoid, cholera, measles, meningitis, pneumonia, dengue, plague and climate data of maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine and evaporation, over a period of ten years record between 2024 and 2023 were collected from the Ministry of Health Management Board, Ogun state and the Nigerian Meteorological Agency respectively. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the selected independent variables and the selected dependent variables using SPSS window version 23 statistics. The trend of weather parameters in the state revealed that temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine and evaporation have a positive trend pattern from year to year particularly, in the years 2015, 2017 and 2019. The regression equations were: Y = 0.999x – 0.915 and Y = 0.999x – 0.915,Y = 0.998x – 0.1, Y = 0.998x – 0.45, Y = 0.999x – 0.216, Y = 0.999x –– 0.283. Hence, the regression model detected that Uncomplicated malaria was highly predictable with an accuracy of 99.9 % from the linear combination of the climatic parameters. Therefore, this showed a predictive error of 4.2 %. In Egba area of Ogun state, the variability impacts on the incidence of diseases was statistically localized. Meanwhile, the regression model for Yewa area detected Measles were highly predictable with an accuracy of 99.8 % from the linear combinatioin of the climatic parameters indicating an error of 3.3 %. In Yewa area of Ogun state, the variability impacts on the incidence of diseases were also statistically different. Furthermore, the regression model for Ijebu area revealed predictable accuracy (99.8 %) for Pneumonia and climatic parameters showing predictive error of 8.9 %. Furthermore, the Ijebu area of Ogun state showed the variability impacts on the incidence of diseases with statistical variation. The regression analysis in terms of sex and age vulnerability revealed that Ijebu, Egba and Yewa had high rates of the diseases; depicting more prevalence in male than female and more in children than adults. The regression analysis clearly proved that there were cases of incidence of diseases triggered by climate variability. The incidence of uncomplicated malaria was extremely high in Yewa. The implication of this implied that indigenes in Ogun state were susceptible to been vulnerable to climate variability. Although, the degree of impacts varied based on geographical locations. Conclusively, this study found that there were climate variability impacts on the incidence of diseases in the studied areas.Item MORPHOMETRIC AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MUTURU CATTLE IN THREE SELECTED STATES OF NIGERIA(2024-10-22) OLALERE, JOHNSON OLAYIDEABSTRACT Most indigenous breeds of cattle have been identified, but their phenotypic and morphometric characteristics across different locations are largely unknown. Muturu cattle are endangered breed, primarily raised for meat and socio-cultural purposes. This study evaluated the morphometric and phenotypic characteristics of Muturu cattle in three selected states in Nigeria (Ogun, Benue and Ebonyi). The study was subdivided into three (first, Demographic characteristics of Muturu cattle farmers were collected using structured questionnaires. Secondly, a total of 360 extensively managed Muturu cattle aged 2 years and above were used for data collection. Thirdly, twenty intensively managed calves from birth to yearling (a year) were also used). Morphometric traits such as body length (BL), neck length (NL), heart girth (HG), rump height (RH), height at wither (HAW), muzzle circumference (MC), horn length (HL), ear length (EL) and ear width (EW) were measured with tape rule in centimeters (cm). Phenotypic traits such as coat colour, hair sheen, hair curl, facial profile, horn orientation among others were observed. Data obtained were subjected to completely randomized design using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2004). Results showed that location had a significant (p<0.05) effect on all linear body measurements (LBMs) considered except NL, MC, EL and EW. Similarly, sex of the animals significantly (p<0.05) affected all LBMs as bulls were consistently superior than cows across all measured traits. Influence of age was also significant (p<0.05) on LBMs. Among the calves, LBMs increased as they advanced in age, particularly in traits such as HL and BL. Meanwhile, adult cattle between ages 6-9 years ceased growing showing significant age-related differences. Phenotypically, Muturu cattle depicted a coat colour of black and white (41.2 % and 47.1 %) in Ogun and Ebonyi while in Benue they were mostly black (37.1%). Colour pattern is either plain or patchy in all the locations and the hair is glossy in Ogun (58.8%), Benue (79.3 %) and Ebonyi (85.7 %) states. Muturu has a concave facial profile and black horn colour in Ogun (87.3 %), Benue (87.3 %) and Ebonyi (100 %). Horn orientation of Muturu cattle was upward in Ogun (32.7 %) and Benue (40.7 %) and forward orientation in Ebonyi (47.1 %). Rump profile was sloppy in Ogun, Benue and Ebonyi as 73.90 %, 61.40 % and 53.60 % respectively. Average birth weight of Muturu calves was 11.80 kg and 98.37 kg at 12months old. Body length (BL) ranges from 39.60 cm to 89.87 cm, RH from 49.80 cm to 93.15 cm, HAW from 45.40 cm to 87.65 cm, NL from 11.10 cm to 25.76 cm and HG from 56.20 cm to 110.20 cm from birth till one year old. The most reliable predictors of liveweight were identified with heart girth and rump height, with prediction models demonstrating high coefficients of determination. The findings underscored Muturu cattle in Benue state to be superior in body linear parameters compared to other locations. It was recommended that location, sex and age influenced LBMs and age should be considered for prediction equation.Item RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS TO IN OVO INJECTION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHYTOBIOTICS (GARLIC, GINGER AND OYSTER MUSHROOM)(2023-11-20) OLUTAYO Abayomi JacobABSTRACT This study investigated the response of broiler chickens to in ovo injection of aqueous extract of phytobiotics (garlic, ginger and oyster mushroom). The experiment was carried out in two phases (hatchery study and field trials which assessed the influence of in ovo injection of phytobiotics aqueous extract on post-hatch performance of hatchlings). A total of 400 hatching eggs of Cobb 500 strain of Broiler Chicken were purchased from a reputable breeder farm; 358 hatching eggs were found settable. The eggs were weighed to obtained weight equalization, fumigated and set in the incubator. Candling was done on 14th day of incubation and out of the 358 eggs set, 342 were confirmed fertile. The fertile eggs were divided into nine in ovo treatment groups (control; garlic; ginger; oyster mushroom; garlic+ginger; garlic+oyster mushroom; ginger+mushroom; garlic+ginger+oyster mushroom and sham control) each replicated three times. In ovo injection of 0.1ml/egg aqueous extracts of phytobiotics was administered on the 18th day of embryogenesis through the amnion with the use of 24 gauge hypodermic needle. After incubation, data collected on hatching traits and other post-hatch performance indices for a period of 5 weeks; were subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Birds resulting from in ovo injection of ginger+oyster-mushroom treatment had the highest numerical hatchability (100%), while significantly highest chick weight (50.91g/bird) was observed in birds resulting from in ovo injection of garlic compared to the relative results obtained in other treatment groups. At 7 days of age, in ovo injection of aqueous extract of oyster mushroom enhanced better development of the duodenal length (13.86 cm/100g) live weight relative to other treatments; whereas at 35th day, injection of ginger+oyster mushroom improved the duodenal length (1.98 cm/100g live weight) of the broiler chickens. In-ovo administration of aqueous extract of phytobiotics (garlic, ginger and oyster mushroom) did not pose any deleterious effects on the heamatological and serum parameters of broiler chickens as values observed where within reference range values for healthy chickens. In-ovo injection of ginger enhanced a relatively better breast proportion (17.41%) in the broiler chickens; while combined injection of ginger+oyster mushroom resulted to improved thigh percentage (8.62 %) when compared to corresponding results gotten in other groups. At 7 days of age, in ovo injection of garlic+ ginger+oyster mushroom improved the villus height (1099.05 µm) in the birds. In conclusion, in ovo injection of aqueous extract of phytobiotics (garlic+ginger+oyster mushroom) is appropriate for broiler production without adverse effects on the performance.Item EVALUATION OF THE ATTENUATION PATHWAY OF WASTE AMMUNITION DISPOSAL ON AGRARIAN ENVIRONMENT(2024-07-20) ODIMGBE, GREGORYABSTRACT The research delves into the global issue of chemical pollution, specifically examining the accumulation of heavy metals resulting from energetic materials used in military activities. The study highlights the ecological and health risks associated with these methods by tracing the historical evolution of ammunition disposal practices from ocean discharge to open burning. With an excess of munitions inventory, the need for safe disposal options becomes imperative. The thesis categorizes low and high explosives, emphasizing military-used energetic materials. Contaminants such as RDX, TNT, HDX, perchlorate, and metals are addressed, emphasizing the urgent requirement for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of ammunition demolition. The study underlines potential health risks from contaminant migration, proposing objectives to evaluate pollution levels, seasonal effects, spatio-temporal variations, and natural remediation. In focusing on the environmental impacts of demolition activities, particularly on air and soil quality, the research employs various sampling methods to collect data on pollutants and physicochemical parameters. Statistical analyses, including time series and regression, are conducted to understand seasonal variations, attenuation rates, and natural remediation processes, with results compared against regulatory standards. Monthly variations in heavy metal concentrations and physical-chemical parameters in water at a demolition site are investigated, revealing consistent iron and zinc levels and notable copper fluctuations. Seasonal effects on water contaminants, soil and plant samples from the demolition site and surrounding community are analyzed, emphasizing chloride and sulfate dominance in water, seasonal variations in soil metals, and varying explosive concentrations in plants and soil. Furthermore, the study addresses the spatiotemporal variations in soil and plant concentrations of heavy metals and explosive residues following demolition in Alamala and its surrounding communities. Results showcase elevated lead levels in Alamala, nuanced patterns in copper, manganese, nickel, chromium, and cadmium, and distinct concentrations of explosive residues influenced by elevation and demolition activities. The complex interplay of environmental factors affecting contaminant distribution is underscored. The research also investigates the spatiotemporal variations and remediation rates of heavy metal and explosive contaminants in water, soil, and plants over 90 days post-demolition. The findings reveal varying contaminant concentration changes, emphasizing differences in water, soil, and plant remediation rates. Unique decay rates for explosive contaminants highlight the importance of understanding remediation dynamics in different environmental compartments. In summary, this comprehensive research sheds light on the severe environmental repercussions of military ammunition discharge in Alamala, emphasizing potential threats to human health and ecosystems. The findings significantly advance understanding in the field, providing crucial insights for policymakers, environmental agencies, and communities impacted by military activities. Overall, the study enriches knowledge of the complex interplay of environmental factors in regions affected by military practices.