College of Biosciences

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    STARTER CULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FERMENTATION OF OROCHROMISNILOTICIS (NILETILAPIA) PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT MARINATING AGENTS
    (2025-07-13) ABIODUN,SUNDAY OLUSEGUN
    ABSTRACT Fermentation of fish is meant to extend the shelf life of fish, improve sensory characteristicsand enableconsumerstoaccess benefitingmicroorganisms.Dried fermentedfishare stapleinmany cuisines, particular in coastal areas. However, discrepancies in fermentation methods and sensory qualityhaveasubstantialimpactonconsumer'sacceptabilityandfoodsafety.Thisresearch aimedtoscreenforpossibleisolatesthatcouldbeusedasstarterculturesduringspontaneous fermentation of Oreochromis niloticus,identify the best isolates using morphological, biochemicalandmoleculartechniques,fermentwiththeselectedisolatesandtodetermine sensory acceptabilityof dried fermented fish. Marinated fish were spontaneouslyfermented at 10‘Cfor12daystoisolatestarterculturesanddeterminebestfermentationperiod.Coloniesof bacteria isolated with MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar) plates during spontaneous fermentationof Oreochromisniloticus were characterized, identified and used as starter cultures. Fermentedfishwereovendriedat60’Cfor 12hours. Proximateanalysis ofdried fermentedfish was done using standard methods. The appearance, aroma, taste, tactile texture, overall acceptabilityoffermentedfishwereevaluated.Datawereanalyzedusingone-wayanalysisof variance, followedby Duncan's multiple range test, Pñ0.05 was consideredsignificant. Results of fermentationperiodonphysicochemicalparametersrevealed10daysfermentationperiodat10 ‘*wasthe best as protein content increased from initial 23.05 to 29.03 in com base fermented fish and23.86to30.83incassavabasefermentedfish.Suspectedcontaminatingorganismswere completelyinhibited bytheactivitiesofthestartercultures;thesystembecameslightlyacidic withTotalbacteriacount(TBC)7.8^109/cfuandLacticacidbacteria (LAB) 3.1•10'/cfu for com base while for cassava base, TBC-1.2•109/cfu and LAB-2.2•105/cfu for cassava base. Comparativeproximateanalysisoffreshfish,fermentedfishanddriedfermentedfish showed protein content of(24.12, 31.92, 30.04 %), Fat content of(2.69, 2.16, 1.88 %), and Ash content of (5.82,7.23,9.12%),respectively.Themainandinteractiveeffectsofbaseandisolateson sensoryacceptabilityshowedthatcarbohydrate baseshadnosignificant(P>0.05)effecton fermented fish acceptability.Starter cultures had significant effect on taste (P= 0.004) and aroma (P=0.009).Combinedeffectofcarbohydratebaseandstartercultureshadsignificanteffecton appearance(P=0.002)and aroma(P= 0.004).Sensoryattributes revealedthat the effects of the three starter cultures on the fermented fish were not significantly different (P>0.05). The selected bacteriaisolateswereidentifiedasLactobacilluspentosusstrain,Streptococcusthermophilusstrain1,and Streptococcus thermophilus strain2,respectively. Dried fermented fishhad improvedvaluescomparedwithfreshfish inNa(62.80+3.4vs.52.50z2.3),andFe (41.90+6.7) mg/100g. Thisstudydemonstratesthepotentialofthesedeveloped stainsasstarter cultures to improve the quality and nutritionalvalue of fermented Oreochromis niloticus.
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    STARTERCULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FERMENTATION OF OROCHROMISNILOTICIS (NILETILAPIA) PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT MARINATING AGENTS
    (2025-07-16) ABIODUN,SUNDAY OLUSEGUN
    ABSTRACT Fermentation of fish is meant to extend the shelf life of fish, improve sensory characteristics and enable consumers to access benefiting microorganisms. Dried fermented fishier stapling many cuisines, particular in coastal areas. However, discrepancies in fermentation methods and sensory quality have as substantial impaction consumer's acceptability and food safety. This research aimed to screen for possible isolates that could be used as starter cultures during spontaneous fermentation of Oreochromis niloticus identify the best isolates using morphological, biochemicalandmoleculartechniques,fermentwiththeselectedisolatesandtodetermine sensory acceptability of dried fermented fish. Marinated fish were spontaneously fermented at 10‘Cfor12daystoisolatestarterculturesanddeterminebestfermentationperiod.Coloniesof bacteria isolated with MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar) plates during spontaneous fermentation of Oreochromisniloticus were characterized, identified and used as starter cultures. Fermentedfishwereovendriedat60’Cfor 12hours. Proximate analysis of dried fermented fish was done using standard methods. The appearance, aroma, taste, tactile texture, overall acceptabilityoffermentedfishwereevaluated.Datawereanalyzedusingone-wayanalysisof variance, followed by Duncan's multiple range test, Pñ0.05 was considered significant. Results of fermentationperiodonphysicochemicalparametersrevealed10daysfermentationperiodat10 ‘*was the best as protein content increased from initial 23.05 to 29.03 in com base fermented fish and23.86to30.83incassavabasefermentedfish.Suspectedcontaminatingorganismswere completely inhibited bytheactivitiesofthestartercultures;thesystembecameslightlyacidic with Total bacteria count (TBC)7.8^109/cfu and Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 3.1•10'/cfu for com base while for cassava base, TBC-1.2•109/cfu and LAB-2.2•105/cfu for cassava base. Comparativeproximateanalysisoffreshfish,fermentedfishanddriedfermentedfish showed protein content of(24.12, 31.92, 30.04 %), Fat content of(2.69, 2.16, 1.88 %), and Ash content of (5.82,7.23,9.12%), respectively. The main and interactive effect so base and isolate Sensory acceptability showed that carbohydrate bases had no significant (P>0.05)effect on fermented fish acceptability. Starter cultures had significant effect on taste (P= 0.004) and aroma (P=0.009).Combinedeffectofcarbohydratebaseandstartercultureshadsignificanteffecton appearance(P=0.002)and aroma(P= 0.004). Sensory attributes revealed that the effects of the three starter cultures on the fermented fish were not significantly different (P>0.05). The selected bacteriaisolateswereidentifiedasLactobacilluspentosusstrain,Streptococcusthermophilusstrain1,and Streptococcus thermophilus strain2,respectively. Dried fermented fish had improved values compared with fresh fish in Na (62.80+3.4vs.52.50z2.3),and Fe (41.90+6.7) mg/100g. This study demonstrates the potential of these developed stains as starter cultures to improve the quality and nutritional value of fermented Oreochromis niloticus.
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    BIOPROSPECTIONOFANTIBACTERIALACTIVITIESOFCINNAMONANDCLOVE CRUDEEXTRACTSANDESSENTIALOILSAGAINSTBACTERIAISOLATED FROMINFECTEDSURGICALSITES
    (2025-09-27) ALAKE,AANUOLUWAPOOLAMIDE
    ABSTRACT Antibioticresistanceespeciallyinsurgicaltreatmentsisamajorglobalhealththreat.Thiscallsfor urgency in investigating sustainable antibacterial agents from alternative sources. This study investigatedtheantibacterialactivityofCinnamomumcassia(cinnamon)andSyzygiumaromaticum(clove)crudeextractsandessentialoilsagainstbacteriaisolatedfrominfectedsurgicalsites.Eight woundswabsampleswereobtained frompatientsclinicallydiagnosedwithsurgicalsiteinfection and cultured on nutrient agar plates using standard isolation procedures. Bacterial isolates were identifiedviamorphological,biochemical andmolecularmethods.Essentialoils(EOs)andextracts ofcinnamonandclovewereobtainedviahydrodistillationandmaceration,respectively.Antibiotic sensitivity testoftheisolatesagainstsixclassesofantibiotics wascarried outusingKirbyBauer's discdiffusion method.Sensitivity oftheisolatestotheEOs,extractsaswellastheircombinations weredeterminedusingagarwelldiffusionmethod.MinimumInhibitoryConcentration (MIC)and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)oftheessentialoils,extractsandtheircombinations againsttheisolatesweredeterminedusingdouble-folddilutionmethod.RateofkilloftheEOsand extractsagainstmostsusceptibleisolateswasevaluated.Phytochemical propertiesoftheessential oilsandextractswereevaluated usingGasChromatographyandMassSpectrometry.Insilicostudy wascarriedoutonthebioactive compoundsoftheEOsand extractsusingiGEMDOCKandSWISS-ADME.BacteriaisolatedincludeEscherichiacoli(20%),Proteusvulgaris(10%),Staphylococcus epidermidis(20%),Moraxellacatarrhalis10%),ProteusmirabilisI0%),Vibrioparahemolyticus(10%),Klebsiella aerogenes (10%),Klebsiella quasipneumoniaesubsp.similipneumoniae(10%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10%). Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed all isolates to be multidrug-resistant.Allisolatesdemonstrated susceptibilitytotheEOsandextracts,withzonesof inhibitionranging from17.0z0.0mmto50.0+2.3mmforcinnamonEOs andextracts, 10.0z0.0mm
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    ENTOMOTHERAPEUTICPOTENTIAL OFVOSR!••ulgaris MUD NEST AND VENOM AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA IMPLICATED IN UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
    (2025-09-17) AKINSOWON,TEMILADEKINGSLEY
    ABSTRACT Theincreaseinmultidrug-resistant(MDR)bacteriaposesasignificantchallengeintreatingupper respiratorytractinfections(URTIs).ThisstudyinvestigatedthepotentialofVespulavulgarismud nest extract and venom as alternative treatment against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains associatedwithupperrespiratorytractinfections.Onehundredsputumsampleswerecollectedfrom patientsattheFederalMedicalCenter,Idi-Aba,Abeokuta,OgunState.Isolationofbacteriawas performed using nutrient agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar. Bacteria were isolated using standardmicrobiologicalmethodsandwereidentifiedusingphysiological,morphological andIn-silico molecular docking. Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion testwas used todetermine the antibiotic sensitivityprofileswhileagarwelldiffusionwasusedtodeterminethesusceptibilityoftheisolates to the mud nest extract and venom. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum BactericidalConcentration (MBC) weredetermined.Theeffectofthecombinationofthemudnest extractandvenomwithcommercialantibioticswasevaluatedusingoverlayinoculumsusceptibility technique.Physicochemicalanalysisofthemudnestextract gottenthroughethanolic extraction whilethevenomwasgottenfromP'espulavulgarisabdomenwiththeuseofneedleandsyringeand was aseptically dispensed inanEppendorf tube. The chemical compounds in the mud nest and venomweredeterminedusingGasChromatographyandMassSpectrometry(GC-MS)andwere evaluated for their pharmacokinetic properties using in silico methods. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in analyzing the data. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,Pseudomonasaeruginosa,Staphylococcusaureus,Bacillussubtilis,StreptocoCcttspneumoniae, Klebsiellaoxytoca,andProteusmirabiliswereidentifiedthroughtheBergy'sManualofSystematic Bacteriology.Antibioticsusceptibilitytestingresultsrevealedmultidrugresistancewhileagarwell diffusionshowedazoneofinhibitionrangeof18.2z0.00mm—25.5z0.00mm.MICof3.125mg/ml — 25mg/mland6.25mg/ml—50mg/mlwereobserved formudnestandvenom,respectively. MBC ofmudnest was between12.5mg/ml —50mg/ml while venom showedMBC of12.5mg/ml—100 mg/ml. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometryanalysisindicatedthe presenceofDecane,2,6,7 — trimethyl, undecane, decane among others for Vespula vulgaris mud nest and 3,6-bis(N-dimethylamino)-9-ethylcarbazole,Arsenous(trimethylsilyl)ester, Trifluorpaceticacidandcarbonic acidforthevenom. In-silicomolecular docking showed dibutyl phthalate andhexadecenoicacidas potentialleadmoleculeinthedevelopmentofnewdrugtocombatbacteriaimplicatedinURTIs. Thisstudycontributestothegrowing bodyofknowledgeonalternative therapiesandhighlights the needforongoingresearchtoaddressthechallengesposedbyantibioticresistanceinclinicalsettings. The investigation from this study showed Vespula vulgaris mud nest and venom possess significant antibacterialpotencyagainstmultidrug-resistantbacteriacommonlyfoundinupperrespiratorytract infections. The results in this study support the potential of these natural substances as a viable alternative therapyfortreatinginfections caused bythesechallenging pathogens.
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    ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL METABOLITESFROM MEDICINAL HERBS; Caricapapaya, Mangiferaindica And Gossypiumhirsutum ON PERIODONTAL ISOLATES.
    (2024-08-25) AKINKUNMI, OPEYEMI BAMIDELE
    ABSTRACT The increasing level of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens is a major concern in public health sector. This necessitates for more research in search of newer potential drug components. This study aimed at determining the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungal metabolites. The medicinal plants, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica and Gossypium hirsutum were collected and identified at Botany Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Fungal isolates were obtained from the plant parts (leaves, roots and stems) by surface sterilization to remove debris and epiphytes present in the plant parts, and were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar plates. Fungal isolates were characterized using a combination of morphological and molecular techniques. The submerged fermentation was done by sub-culturing the isolates of the filamentous fungi on Potato Dextrose Broth, incubated on a rotary shaker for 18 days for the purpose of the release of their metabolites and finally macerated to obtain the extracts. The obtained extracts were tested by agar well diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for antimicrobial activity against bacteria implicated in periodontal isolates. These include Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcusfaecalis. The crude extracts were analyzed with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry while pharmacokinetic properties of metabolites were evaluated using in silico methods. Data obtained were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and values were recorded as mean ±SEM. Four endophytic fungal isolates obtained from the plants were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium notatum and two different strains of Aspergillus niger. The zones of inhibition of the fungal extracts ranged froml 8.0 ± 1.0 mm to 23.0 ± 1.0 mm where Aspergillus niger produced metabolites with the most potent inhibitory properties. However, no zone of inhibition was observed on E. coli showing that the E. coli strain was resistant to all the extracts used in this study. The MIC and MBC values ranged from (3.13 µg/mL - 12.50 µg/mL) and (6.25 µg/mL- 5.00 µg/mL) respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts showed the presence of several compounds including acetic acid, oxoprophines, 6-heptenoic acid, ethyl ester, oleic acid, nonanoic acid. It was observed that A. niger extracts through GC-MS had the highest peak value of 36.79a.u. In silico studies revealed favorable binding interactions between the ligands and the target protein, indicating potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that all ligands examined in this study passed the Lipinski rule with no violation. The molecular characterization of the fungal isolates revealed Trichoderma harzianum NAS120-M44, Aspergillus niger AMUAN-1 and Aspergillus niger ASP-599. This study showed that the antibacterial activity exhibited by the endophytic fungi and the bioactive compounds of these plants possess a great potential for drug discovery.
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    ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIALACTIVITIES OF IWGELLA SATINA SEED EXTRACTS AGAINST CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT CLINICAL BACTERIAL ISOLATES
    (2026-10) ADIO,IYABODE TOYIN
    areresistancetothe antibioticsthatarecommonly‘usedfortheirtreatment.Ther"efore,thereis theneedto developasafeandeffectivealternativeto combattheinfections causedbythese multipledrugresistantbacteria.Thisstudyaimedatassessingtheantimicrobialactivitiesof. tbreedifferentextractsof\'pe/lasofiv‹iseedagainstcarbapenem-resistantclinicalbacieria'l"' isolates.Thirty-three(33)bacterialisolatesfromdifferentclinicalsamples(blood,sputum,’ wound scab. earscab, urine,stool, centrallineswab) used in thisst (id\’’iveteobtainedtroiii threedifferentsolventswhichweien-hexanc,iiiethanolandsteriledistilledPatelusing Jacceleratedsolvent extractionmethod. "I'lie c-ritde extracts ofthe .X\.sariveeds were subjecte‹i. tc›qualitativephytochemicalscreeningusingstandardmethods.Gas-ChromatographyPass-Spectrophotometry(GC-MS)analysiswasalsOcaiTiedouttoidentimajorphytochemicals andfattyacidsintheextracts.Theantibioticsusceptibilitytestsandminimum*’inhibitory’ concentration(UC) etcdeterminedusingagarwelldiffusionandserialdilution"m‹ithods: “ respectively.Datawereanalyzedusinyone-ayanalysisofvariancewith P<0.05considered statisticallysignificant.Thepotencyofthe.â*..safiv‹iextracts»asassessedusingmolecular docking.Fromthethirty-three(33)testedisolatesobtained.54.5%(n=l8)wereresistanttoone or worecarbapeneliiantibiotics; 39.4% (n=13), 36.4% (n—12) and 45.5% (n=l5) were resistant toiirtipencm,meropcficiTiandertapencm,rcspcctitelf’.F'rcmthePCkresult.5.1.s%ofthe isolates carried one or two of the carbapenemasegenes. T“he aqueous extract Sf.â. .sativa seed showednotoneofinhibitionagainstthetestedisolates.Then-hexaneextracthadzoneof MicrobiologIdiaSnosticlaboratoriofBabcockUnivers-ityTeachingho.s.pital*lli:san-remo* inhibitionthatrangedfrom26+3mmto6+4mmwhilethemethanolicextracthadzoneof inhibitionfrom124mmto6-£3mm.TheMICrangedfrom40mg/mLto120mg/mL.The qualitativepliytochemicalscreeningindicatedthepresenceofcardiacglycosides,steroids, phenols in all three extracts. Other phytocheinicalspresent included alkaloids, saponins, terpenoidsandflavonoids(methanolextract).tannins,alkaloidsandterpernoids(n-hexane extract) and flavonoids (aqueous extract). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of differentfattyacidswhichinclude9,12-Octadecadienoicacid.Octadecanoicacid.i-lexadccaooic °.cid. Cyclopropane,l,l-dichloro-2,2.3.3-tctramethyl, Methyl s:cara:e. PropyleneglycolMonoleateand11,13-Eicosadienoicacid.TheGC-MSresultswhendocked withthepenicillinbindingproteinofthebacteriarevealedPropyleneglycolSlonoleaietoliaxe thehighest bindingnegativeenergy.Thisstudy suggeststhat1S’igellasativaseedextracts (methanoland n-hexane) possess antimicrobialactivities against carbapenemresistantbacteria.
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    CO-INOCULATION EFFECTS OF Rhizobium AND Bacillus species ON GROWTH OF BELL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) IN A SCREEN HOUSE
    (2025-07-05) Akintunde Oluwatosin Yetunde
    ABSTRACT The persistent use of agrochemicals for red pepper cultivation in Nigeria raises concern about environmental contamination andhuman health hazards which requires the development of an alternative strategy to increase food production. The rhizosphere bacteria may provide direct or indirect plant growth stimulus. This research dealt with the co-inoculation of the Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) at the screen house using the Rhizobium and Bacillus species. The Bacillus species were isolated in the Rhizosphere of the Capsicum annuum var.grossum plants, identified and screened to fit plant growth promotion characteristics whereas the Rhizobium was procured through International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan and identified through biochemical test. The Bacillus isolates having more capability of growth promotion were investigated following the 16SrRNA Sequencing method and were adopted to In-vitro seedling bio-assays and screenhouse trials. C. annuum var. grossum seeds were obtained at National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and sterilized. The In-vitro germination assay was conducted using potential plant growth-promoting Bacillus isolates and Rhizobium followed by screen house experiments which was conducted in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Each experiment was performed in a Completely Randomized Design with six treatments (no Bacillus, B. licheniformis,B. subtilis, Rhizobium, B.licheniformis +Rhizobium andB.subtilis +Rhizobium) in triplicates. Data on agronomic traits were collected and analyzed using One-way analysis of variance. The in-vitro germination assay revealed that inoculation of C.annuumvar.grossum seeds with Rhizobium and Bacillus strains resulted in 20 % to 33.3 % germination increase and vigour index of 18.30 - 105.0 % over un-inoculated seeds.The screen house growth experiment showed a significant enhancement(p ≤ 0.05) in the growth attributes(plant height,stem girth, number of branches, number of leaves and leaf length) with bacterial inoculation using the soil inoculation and seed treatment methods.The growth attribute of the inoculated plants using the soil inoculation method ranged from 36.58-38.93 m,7.80-8.98 mm, 14.75-17.23 cm, 7.15-8.23 cm, 0.35-0.50 cm respectively. The seed treatment growth attributes ranged from 37.52-39.93 m,7.75-9.0 mm, 15.50-18.23 cm, 7.23-8.98 cm, 0.40-0.52 cm. In contrast, un-inoculated plants has lower range 23.35 m, 5.78 mm, 10.42, 5.65 and 0.21 cm (seed treatment) and 25.13 m, 5.89 mm, 11.50 cm, 5.78 cm, 0.28 cm (soil inoculation). The interaction between the bacterial strains used and the inoculation methods of growth traits of C.annuum var. grossum was also examined which indicates that the inoculation methods influenced all the growth attribute of the plant.The result in the screen house experiment revealed that irrespective of the application method, inoculations with B. licheniformis, B. subtilis and Rhizobium significantly enhanced C. annuum var.grossum plants compared to the non-inoculated plants. Inoculations by seed treatment was generally more effective, produced taller plants than the soil inoculation. Therefore, this study has shown the potential benefits of co-inoculation of B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, and Rhizobium which could be utilized as effective bioinoculants to promote growth of C.annuum var. grossum under screen house conditions.
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    WATER PRODUCTIVITY, YIELD AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) IN AZOLLA-AMENDED SOIL UNDER ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING IRRIGATION SYSTEM
    (2025-06-26) ALABI OMOLAYO CATHERINE
    ABSTRACT The decline in water availability as a result of climate change and the negative impact of chemicalfertilizer have posed a significant challenge on the sustainability of rice production through continuousflooding practice. This study assessed the effect of Azolla (an organic biofertilizer) and its combinationwith NPK fertilizer on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, and nutritional composition of lowland rice(NERICA L-19) under Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) irrigation system compared withContinuous Flooding (CF). The experiment was set up in a 2 × 3 factorial design with four replicates.Irrigation included CF and AWD while soil amendments were 100 kgN/ha Azolla (AZ), 50 kgN/haAzolla + 50 kgN/ha NPK (AZ + NPK) and 100 kgN/ha NPK (NPK). Plant height and leaf area weremeasured weekly using metre rule and leaf area meter, respectively. Numbers of tillers were countedweekly while Chlorophyll content was determined at the early tillering, late tillering and grain fillingstages using SPAD 502 meter. Average data was computed from the weekly data of plant height, leafarea and number of tillers. Shoot and root biomass were also determined using standard procedure. Atmaturity, water-use efficiency was calculated while yield and yield components (spikelets per panicle,percentage sterility, 1000 grain weights, number of superior and inferior spikelets) were determinedusing standard procedure. Proximate composition (ash, crude fibre, crude protein, and carbohydrate)was also determined. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and meanswere separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. The results of this studyshowed that AWD increased Water Use Efficiency of NERICA L-19 by 59% compared with CFwithout yield compromise. However, significant variation exists in the use of soil amendments underCF and AWD. Except for plant height, the single application of Azolla decreased number of tiller(36% and 36%) and leaf area (53% and 54%) compared with NPK under CF and AWD, respectively.AZ reduced grain yield by 42% and 31% compared with NPK under AWD and CF, respectively;whereas, AZ+NPK produced comparable yield under AWD and increased yield (p < 0.05) by 27%under CF when compared with NPK. AZ + NPK had no significance influence on 1000 grain weight,spikelet/panicle, inferior spikelets and percentage sterility under AWD and CF compared with AZ andNPK. However, it increased superior spikelets by 11% and 5% under AWD, and by 31% and 14%under CF compared to AZ and NPK, respectively. On average, AWD increased ash, crude fibre, crudeprotein of NERICA L-19 by 17.6%, 20.3%, 21.5%, respectively and decreased its carbohydrate by7.5% compared with CF. AZ+NPK significantly increased crude protein by 36% and 33% comparedwith AZ and NPK, respectively under AWD. The study demonstrates that the use of Azolla incombination with NPK under alternate wetting and drying irrigation system can be used to saveirrigation water while promoting yield and nutrient composition of lowland rice.
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    ASSESSMENT OF BACTEREMIA AND MYCOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN SEVERE ACUTE MALNOURISHED (SAM) INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN POPULATION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-03-18) OYENEKAN, OLUWATOSIN GANIYAT
    ABSTRACT Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children, it suppresses the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility and severity of infections. Presence of Bacteria and Mycotoxins in Severe Acute Malnourished (SAM) children are a significant concern making these children highly vulnerable to the harmful effects of fungal toxins and bacteria due to their weakened immune system and often poor diet. Severe Acute Malnutrition in children is often attributed to food mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia, and liver enzyme derangement. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia and functionality parameters among SAM children in Ogun State. A Socio-demographic survey was carried out on 40 voluntary participants (mothers/caregivers) to know their level of mycotoxin awareness, knowledge and attitude towards childhood infections and avoidable causes using semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from twenty (20) confirmed SAM children enrolled after clinician’s assessment as recommended by the laboratory protocols. Using spectrophotometric methods, blood samples were screened forserum enzymes, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)which served as diagnostic indicators for some diseases. Urea, Electrolytes (sodium, potassium,chloride, bicarbonate) and creatinine were assessed using ABX Pentra 400 C Analyzer.Full blood countwas done using Medonic Automated blood Analyzer. Blood samples for bacteriological analysis were cultured on Brain Heart Infusion broth, and isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer using disc diffusion method using 10 antibiotics belonging to 4 classes of antibiotics. Extraction and quantification of mycotoxins from blood was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used for the statistical analyses (P < 0.05). The level of awareness of mycotoxins and childhood infection as well as avoidable causes was very low (14%) among caregivers (p < 0.05). The mean value for ALP and AST activities among the test group were normal while ALT (39.1 U/L) was higher than acceptable standard (25 U/L). Hyponatremia was found in 35% of the samples, 10% had hypokalaemia and hypochloremia (low chloride) while 55% had no electrolyte derangement. The mean value for packed cell volume, white blood cell, neutrophiles and lymphocyte counts were 39.9%, (5.9 x 109/L), 52.4% and 41.6% respectively. Two (10%) of the SAM children had bacteraemia (Escherichia coli) growth and the isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Cotrimoxazole.The prevalence of Ochratoxin was 55% while Aflatoxin was 45%. The highest mycotoxin concentration identified was Aflatoxin B1 (19.7844 µg/ml) while the lowest was Ochratoxin (0.0399 µg/ml). The ranges of the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin were 0.1169ug/ml to 19.7844 u ug/ml and 0.0399 to 0.1171ug/ml, respectively. This study showed that attitudes of caregivers towards childhood infection and avoidable causes is very low, no association was found between bacteremia and level of mycotoxins and serum enzymes deranged in 10% of the children which contributed to mortality in SAM children.
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    EFFECTS OF ROASTED CASHEW NUT – SUPPLEMENTED DIET ON ETHANOL INDUCED – NEUROLOGICAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITIES IN MALE WISTAR RATS
    (2025-04-13) OKERE, UCHENNA DANIEL
    ABSTRACT Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol whose primary metabolites are the highly toxic acetaldehyde, acetate and other reactiveoxygen species, which has been implicated in both neurological and cardiovascular disorders. The study investigated theeffects of roasted cashew nut-supplemented diet (RCN) on ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovasculartoxicities. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats (120-150) g were segregated into five (5) groups (n = 6): Group A(Control-Standard diet), Group B (30% Ethanol + Standard diet), Group C (30% Ethanol + 5% RCN), Group D (30% Ethanol + 10% RCN) and Group E (10% RCN). Ethanol (30% v/v) was administered at 4 ml/kg body weight for twenty-eight days. Proximate analysis on the control standard diet and the RCN diets was done using AOAC standard methods.Biochemical parameters including alcohol metabolizing enzymes activities,antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, brain and heart biomarkers of ethanol toxicities, weredetermined using spectrophotometry. Data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance,followed by the Tukey’s test with p < 0.05 considered significant. The proximate composition of the control diet, 5% and 10% RCN supplemented diet, showed (4.44, 4.72, 4.94)% for protein, (12.20, 13.51, 14.46)% moisture, (9.30, 9.48, 9.53)% ash, (5.72, 7.43, 7.49)% oil, (2.09, 2.59, 2.73)% fiber and carbohydrates (66.25, 62.27, 60.85)%, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in treated groups increased in the Ethanol (92 and 77)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (68 and 52)%, and Ethanol + 10% RCN (34 and 27)%, respectively, compared to the control. Creatine kinase activity in the plasma and heart of treated groups increased in the Ethanol (49 and 31)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (22 and 20)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN (13 and 11)%, respectively, compared to the control. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma and heart increased in the Ethanol by (73 and 53)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN by (48 and 21)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN by (35 and 14)%, respectively, compared to control. However, there was significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the brain acetylcholinesterase activity in the Ethanol treated groups compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase in Ethanol group, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN decreased by 31%, 17% and 7%, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, catalase activity decreased by 55%, 35% and 24%, respectively, in the plasma compared to control. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly (p < 0.05), in the plasma by 0.75 fold in the Ethanol group compared to the control. Cholesterol levels increased by 1.0, 0.7, and 0.4 folds; low density lipoprotein by 0.9, 0.63 and 0.21 folds, also, very low-density lipoprotein by 1.2, 0.9 and 0.4 folds in the plasma of Ethanol, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN groups, respectively, compared to the control. Histopathology of the brain showed lesions in decreasing order (Ethanol > Ethanol + 5% RCN > Ethanol + 10% RCN) compared to the control group (having no lesions). In conclusion, results obtained suggest that consumption of roasted cashew nut could be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovascular toxicities in male Wistar rats.
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    EFFECTS OF ROASTED CASHEW NUT – SUPPLEMENTED DIET ON ETHANOL INDUCED – NEUROLOGICAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITIES IN MALE WISTAR RATS
    (2025-04-23) OKERE, UCHENNA DANIEL
    ABSTRACT Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol whose primary metabolites are the highly toxic acetaldehyde, acetate and other reactiveoxygen species, which has been implicated in both neurological and cardiovascular disorders. The study investigated theeffects of roasted cashew nut-supplemented diet (RCN) on ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovasculartoxicities. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats (120-150) g were segregated into five (5) groups (n = 6): Group A(Control-Standard diet), Group B (30% Ethanol + Standard diet), Group C (30% Ethanol + 5% RCN), Group D (30% Ethanol + 10% RCN) and Group E (10% RCN). Ethanol (30% v/v) was administered at 4 ml/kg body weight for twenty-eight days. Proximate analysis on the control standard diet and the RCN diets was done using AOAC standard methods.Biochemical parameters including alcohol metabolizing enzymes activities,antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, brain and heart biomarkers of ethanol toxicities, weredetermined using spectrophotometry. Data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance,followed by the Tukey’s test with p < 0.05 considered significant. The proximate composition of the control diet, 5% and 10% RCN supplemented diet, showed (4.44, 4.72, 4.94)% for protein, (12.20, 13.51, 14.46)% moisture, (9.30, 9.48, 9.53)% ash, (5.72, 7.43, 7.49)% oil, (2.09, 2.59, 2.73)% fiber and carbohydrates (66.25, 62.27, 60.85)%, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in treated groups increased in the Ethanol (92 and 77)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (68 and 52)%, and Ethanol + 10% RCN (34 and 27)%, respectively, compared to the control. Creatine kinase activity in the plasma and heart of treated groups increased in the Ethanol (49 and 31)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (22 and 20)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN (13 and 11)%, respectively, compared to the control. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma and heart increased in the Ethanol by (73 and 53)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN by (48 and 21)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN by (35 and 14)%, respectively, compared to control. However, there was significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the brain acetylcholinesterase activity in the Ethanol treated groups compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase in Ethanol group, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN decreased by 31%, 17% and 7%, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, catalase activity decreased by 55%, 35% and 24%, respectively, in the plasma compared to control. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly (p < 0.05), in the plasma by 0.75 fold in the Ethanol group compared to the control. Cholesterol levels increased by 1.0, 0.7, and 0.4 folds; low density lipoprotein by 0.9, 0.63 and 0.21 folds, also, very low-density lipoprotein by 1.2, 0.9 and 0.4 folds in the plasma of Ethanol, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN groups, respectively, compared to the control. Histopathology of the brain showed lesions in decreasing order (Ethanol > Ethanol + 5% RCN > Ethanol + 10% RCN) compared to the control group (having no lesions). In conclusion, results obtained suggest that consumption of roasted cashew nut could be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovascular toxicities in male Wistar rats.
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    ASSESSMENT OF BACTEREMIA AND MYCOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN SEVERE ACUTE MALNOURISHED (SAM) INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN POPULATION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2025-08-22) OYENEKAN, OLUWATOSIN GANIYAT
    ABSTRACT Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children, it suppresses the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility and severity of infections. Presence of Bacteria and Mycotoxins in Severe Acute Malnourished (SAM) children are a significant concern making these children highly vulnerable to the harmful effects of fungal toxins and bacteria due to their weakened immune system and often poor diet. Severe Acute Malnutrition in children is often attributed to food mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia, and liver enzyme derangement. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia and functionality parameters among SAM children in Ogun State. A Socio-demographic survey was carried out on 40 voluntary participants (mothers/caregivers) to know their level of mycotoxin awareness, knowledge and attitude towards childhood infections and avoidable causes using semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from twenty (20) confirmed SAM children enrolled after clinician’s assessment as recommended by the laboratory protocols. Using spectrophotometric methods, blood samples were screened forserum enzymes, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)which served as diagnostic indicators for some diseases. Urea, Electrolytes (sodium, potassium,chloride, bicarbonate) and creatinine were assessed using ABX Pentra 400 C Analyzer.Full blood countwas done using Medonic Automated blood Analyzer. Blood samples for bacteriological analysis were cultured on Brain Heart Infusion broth, and isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer using disc diffusion method using 10 antibiotics belonging to 4 classes of antibiotics. Extraction and quantification of mycotoxins from blood was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used for the statistical analyses (P < 0.05). The level of awareness of mycotoxins and childhood infection as well as avoidable causes was very low (14%) among caregivers (p < 0.05). The mean value for ALP and AST activities among the test group were normal while ALT (39.1 U/L) was higher than acceptable standard (25 U/L). Hyponatremia was found in 35% of the samples, 10% had hypokalaemia and hypochloremia (low chloride) while 55% had no electrolyte derangement. The mean value for packed cell volume, white blood cell, neutrophiles and lymphocyte counts were 39.9%, (5.9 x 109/L), 52.4% and 41.6% respectively. Two (10%) of the SAM children had bacteraemia (Escherichia coli) growth and the isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Cotrimoxazole.The prevalence of Ochratoxin was 55% while Aflatoxin was 45%. The highest mycotoxin concentration identified was Aflatoxin B1 (19.7844 µg/ml) while the lowest was Ochratoxin (0.0399 µg/ml). The ranges of the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin were 0.1169ug/ml to 19.7844 u ug/ml and 0.0399 to 0.1171ug/ml, respectively. This study showed that attitudes of caregivers towards childhood infection and avoidable causes is very low, no association was found between bacteremia and level of mycotoxins and serum enzymes deranged in 10% of the children which contributed to mortality in SAM children.
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    EXPLORATION, ADAPTATION, REDESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF TRADITIONAL BOARD AND CARD GAMES FOR ENHANCING HEALTH EDUCATION FOR ELIMINATING SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
    (2024-07-25) UMUNNAKWE, CYNTHIA UCHECHUKWU
    A Thesis submitted to the Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Parasitology