College of Biosciences

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ir.funaab.edu.ng/handle/123456789/251

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 28

STARTERCULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FERMENTATION OF OROCHROMISNILOTICIS (NILETILAPIA) PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT MARINATING AGENTS
(2025-07-16) ABIODUN,SUNDAY OLUSEGUN
ABSTRACT Fermentation of fish is meant to extend the shelf life of fish, improve sensory characteristics and enable consumers to access benefiting microorganisms. Dried fermented fishier stapling many cuisines, particular in coastal areas. However, discrepancies in fermentation methods and sensory quality have as substantial impaction consumer's acceptability and food safety. This research aimed to screen for possible isolates that could be used as starter cultures during spontaneous fermentation of Oreochromis niloticus identify the best isolates using morphological, biochemicalandmoleculartechniques,fermentwiththeselectedisolatesandtodetermine sensory acceptability of dried fermented fish. Marinated fish were spontaneously fermented at 10‘Cfor12daystoisolatestarterculturesanddeterminebestfermentationperiod.Coloniesof bacteria isolated with MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar) plates during spontaneous fermentation of Oreochromisniloticus were characterized, identified and used as starter cultures. Fermentedfishwereovendriedat60’Cfor 12hours. Proximate analysis of dried fermented fish was done using standard methods. The appearance, aroma, taste, tactile texture, overall acceptabilityoffermentedfishwereevaluated.Datawereanalyzedusingone-wayanalysisof variance, followed by Duncan's multiple range test, Pñ0.05 was considered significant. Results of fermentationperiodonphysicochemicalparametersrevealed10daysfermentationperiodat10 ‘*was the best as protein content increased from initial 23.05 to 29.03 in com base fermented fish and23.86to30.83incassavabasefermentedfish.Suspectedcontaminatingorganismswere completely inhibited bytheactivitiesofthestartercultures;thesystembecameslightlyacidic with Total bacteria count (TBC)7.8^109/cfu and Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 3.1•10'/cfu for com base while for cassava base, TBC-1.2•109/cfu and LAB-2.2•105/cfu for cassava base. Comparativeproximateanalysisoffreshfish,fermentedfishanddriedfermentedfish showed protein content of(24.12, 31.92, 30.04 %), Fat content of(2.69, 2.16, 1.88 %), and Ash content of (5.82,7.23,9.12%), respectively. The main and interactive effect so base and isolate Sensory acceptability showed that carbohydrate bases had no significant (P>0.05)effect on fermented fish acceptability. Starter cultures had significant effect on taste (P= 0.004) and aroma (P=0.009).Combinedeffectofcarbohydratebaseandstartercultureshadsignificanteffecton appearance(P=0.002)and aroma(P= 0.004). Sensory attributes revealed that the effects of the three starter cultures on the fermented fish were not significantly different (P>0.05). The selected bacteriaisolateswereidentifiedasLactobacilluspentosusstrain,Streptococcusthermophilusstrain1,and Streptococcus thermophilus strain2,respectively. Dried fermented fish had improved values compared with fresh fish in Na (62.80+3.4vs.52.50z2.3),and Fe (41.90+6.7) mg/100g. This study demonstrates the potential of these developed stains as starter cultures to improve the quality and nutritional value of fermented Oreochromis niloticus.
EFFECT OF CHITOSAN SUPPLEMENTATION ON1,2- DIM ETHYLHYDRAZINE- INDUCED INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS AND HEPATOXICITY IN MALE WISTARN RATS
(2025-10-18) ADEBIYI, VICTORIAAYOMIDE
BIOPROSPECTIONOFANTIBACTERIALACTIVITIESOFCINNAMONANDCLOVE CRUDEEXTRACTSANDESSENTIALOILSAGAINSTBACTERIAISOLATED FROMINFECTEDSURGICALSITES
(2025-09-27) ALAKE,AANUOLUWAPOOLAMIDE
ABSTRACT Antibioticresistanceespeciallyinsurgicaltreatmentsisamajorglobalhealththreat.Thiscallsfor urgency in investigating sustainable antibacterial agents from alternative sources. This study investigatedtheantibacterialactivityofCinnamomumcassia(cinnamon)andSyzygiumaromaticum(clove)crudeextractsandessentialoilsagainstbacteriaisolatedfrominfectedsurgicalsites.Eight woundswabsampleswereobtained frompatientsclinicallydiagnosedwithsurgicalsiteinfection and cultured on nutrient agar plates using standard isolation procedures. Bacterial isolates were identifiedviamorphological,biochemical andmolecularmethods.Essentialoils(EOs)andextracts ofcinnamonandclovewereobtainedviahydrodistillationandmaceration,respectively.Antibiotic sensitivity testoftheisolatesagainstsixclassesofantibiotics wascarried outusingKirbyBauer's discdiffusion method.Sensitivity oftheisolatestotheEOs,extractsaswellastheircombinations weredeterminedusingagarwelldiffusionmethod.MinimumInhibitoryConcentration (MIC)and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)oftheessentialoils,extractsandtheircombinations againsttheisolatesweredeterminedusingdouble-folddilutionmethod.RateofkilloftheEOsand extractsagainstmostsusceptibleisolateswasevaluated.Phytochemical propertiesoftheessential oilsandextractswereevaluated usingGasChromatographyandMassSpectrometry.Insilicostudy wascarriedoutonthebioactive compoundsoftheEOsand extractsusingiGEMDOCKandSWISS-ADME.BacteriaisolatedincludeEscherichiacoli(20%),Proteusvulgaris(10%),Staphylococcus epidermidis(20%),Moraxellacatarrhalis10%),ProteusmirabilisI0%),Vibrioparahemolyticus(10%),Klebsiella aerogenes (10%),Klebsiella quasipneumoniaesubsp.similipneumoniae(10%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10%). Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed all isolates to be multidrug-resistant.Allisolatesdemonstrated susceptibilitytotheEOsandextracts,withzonesof inhibitionranging from17.0z0.0mmto50.0+2.3mmforcinnamonEOs andextracts, 10.0z0.0mm
ENTOMOTHERAPEUTICPOTENTIAL OFVOSR!••ulgaris MUD NEST AND VENOM AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA IMPLICATED IN UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
(2025-09-17) AKINSOWON,TEMILADEKINGSLEY
ABSTRACT Theincreaseinmultidrug-resistant(MDR)bacteriaposesasignificantchallengeintreatingupper respiratorytractinfections(URTIs).ThisstudyinvestigatedthepotentialofVespulavulgarismud nest extract and venom as alternative treatment against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains associatedwithupperrespiratorytractinfections.Onehundredsputumsampleswerecollectedfrom patientsattheFederalMedicalCenter,Idi-Aba,Abeokuta,OgunState.Isolationofbacteriawas performed using nutrient agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar. Bacteria were isolated using standardmicrobiologicalmethodsandwereidentifiedusingphysiological,morphological andIn-silico molecular docking. Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion testwas used todetermine the antibiotic sensitivityprofileswhileagarwelldiffusionwasusedtodeterminethesusceptibilityoftheisolates to the mud nest extract and venom. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum BactericidalConcentration (MBC) weredetermined.Theeffectofthecombinationofthemudnest extractandvenomwithcommercialantibioticswasevaluatedusingoverlayinoculumsusceptibility technique.Physicochemicalanalysisofthemudnestextract gottenthroughethanolic extraction whilethevenomwasgottenfromP'espulavulgarisabdomenwiththeuseofneedleandsyringeand was aseptically dispensed inanEppendorf tube. The chemical compounds in the mud nest and venomweredeterminedusingGasChromatographyandMassSpectrometry(GC-MS)andwere evaluated for their pharmacokinetic properties using in silico methods. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in analyzing the data. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,Pseudomonasaeruginosa,Staphylococcusaureus,Bacillussubtilis,StreptocoCcttspneumoniae, Klebsiellaoxytoca,andProteusmirabiliswereidentifiedthroughtheBergy'sManualofSystematic Bacteriology.Antibioticsusceptibilitytestingresultsrevealedmultidrugresistancewhileagarwell diffusionshowedazoneofinhibitionrangeof18.2z0.00mm—25.5z0.00mm.MICof3.125mg/ml — 25mg/mland6.25mg/ml—50mg/mlwereobserved formudnestandvenom,respectively. MBC ofmudnest was between12.5mg/ml —50mg/ml while venom showedMBC of12.5mg/ml—100 mg/ml. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometryanalysisindicatedthe presenceofDecane,2,6,7 — trimethyl, undecane, decane among others for Vespula vulgaris mud nest and 3,6-bis(N-dimethylamino)-9-ethylcarbazole,Arsenous(trimethylsilyl)ester, Trifluorpaceticacidandcarbonic acidforthevenom. In-silicomolecular docking showed dibutyl phthalate andhexadecenoicacidas potentialleadmoleculeinthedevelopmentofnewdrugtocombatbacteriaimplicatedinURTIs. Thisstudycontributestothegrowing bodyofknowledgeonalternative therapiesandhighlights the needforongoingresearchtoaddressthechallengesposedbyantibioticresistanceinclinicalsettings. The investigation from this study showed Vespula vulgaris mud nest and venom possess significant antibacterialpotencyagainstmultidrug-resistantbacteriacommonlyfoundinupperrespiratorytract infections. The results in this study support the potential of these natural substances as a viable alternative therapyfortreatinginfections caused bythesechallenging pathogens.
ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL METABOLITESFROM MEDICINAL HERBS; Caricapapaya, Mangiferaindica And Gossypiumhirsutum ON PERIODONTAL ISOLATES.
(2024-08-25) AKINKUNMI, OPEYEMI BAMIDELE
ABSTRACT The increasing level of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens is a major concern in public health sector. This necessitates for more research in search of newer potential drug components. This study aimed at determining the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungal metabolites. The medicinal plants, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica and Gossypium hirsutum were collected and identified at Botany Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Fungal isolates were obtained from the plant parts (leaves, roots and stems) by surface sterilization to remove debris and epiphytes present in the plant parts, and were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar plates. Fungal isolates were characterized using a combination of morphological and molecular techniques. The submerged fermentation was done by sub-culturing the isolates of the filamentous fungi on Potato Dextrose Broth, incubated on a rotary shaker for 18 days for the purpose of the release of their metabolites and finally macerated to obtain the extracts. The obtained extracts were tested by agar well diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for antimicrobial activity against bacteria implicated in periodontal isolates. These include Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcusfaecalis. The crude extracts were analyzed with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry while pharmacokinetic properties of metabolites were evaluated using in silico methods. Data obtained were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and values were recorded as mean ±SEM. Four endophytic fungal isolates obtained from the plants were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium notatum and two different strains of Aspergillus niger. The zones of inhibition of the fungal extracts ranged froml 8.0 ± 1.0 mm to 23.0 ± 1.0 mm where Aspergillus niger produced metabolites with the most potent inhibitory properties. However, no zone of inhibition was observed on E. coli showing that the E. coli strain was resistant to all the extracts used in this study. The MIC and MBC values ranged from (3.13 µg/mL - 12.50 µg/mL) and (6.25 µg/mL- 5.00 µg/mL) respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts showed the presence of several compounds including acetic acid, oxoprophines, 6-heptenoic acid, ethyl ester, oleic acid, nonanoic acid. It was observed that A. niger extracts through GC-MS had the highest peak value of 36.79a.u. In silico studies revealed favorable binding interactions between the ligands and the target protein, indicating potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that all ligands examined in this study passed the Lipinski rule with no violation. The molecular characterization of the fungal isolates revealed Trichoderma harzianum NAS120-M44, Aspergillus niger AMUAN-1 and Aspergillus niger ASP-599. This study showed that the antibacterial activity exhibited by the endophytic fungi and the bioactive compounds of these plants possess a great potential for drug discovery.
ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIALACTIVITIES OF IWGELLA SATINA SEED EXTRACTS AGAINST CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT CLINICAL BACTERIAL ISOLATES
(2026-10) ADIO,IYABODE TOYIN
areresistancetothe antibioticsthatarecommonly‘usedfortheirtreatment.Ther"efore,thereis theneedto developasafeandeffectivealternativeto combattheinfections causedbythese multipledrugresistantbacteria.Thisstudyaimedatassessingtheantimicrobialactivitiesof. tbreedifferentextractsof\'pe/lasofiv‹iseedagainstcarbapenem-resistantclinicalbacieria'l"' isolates.Thirty-three(33)bacterialisolatesfromdifferentclinicalsamples(blood,sputum,’ wound scab. earscab, urine,stool, centrallineswab) used in thisst (id\’’iveteobtainedtroiii threedifferentsolventswhichweien-hexanc,iiiethanolandsteriledistilledPatelusing Jacceleratedsolvent extractionmethod. "I'lie c-ritde extracts ofthe .X\.sariveeds were subjecte‹i. tc›qualitativephytochemicalscreeningusingstandardmethods.Gas-ChromatographyPass-Spectrophotometry(GC-MS)analysiswasalsOcaiTiedouttoidentimajorphytochemicals andfattyacidsintheextracts.Theantibioticsusceptibilitytestsandminimum*’inhibitory’ concentration(UC) etcdeterminedusingagarwelldiffusionandserialdilution"m‹ithods: “ respectively.Datawereanalyzedusinyone-ayanalysisofvariancewith P<0.05considered statisticallysignificant.Thepotencyofthe.â*..safiv‹iextracts»asassessedusingmolecular docking.Fromthethirty-three(33)testedisolatesobtained.54.5%(n=l8)wereresistanttoone or worecarbapeneliiantibiotics; 39.4% (n=13), 36.4% (n—12) and 45.5% (n=l5) were resistant toiirtipencm,meropcficiTiandertapencm,rcspcctitelf’.F'rcmthePCkresult.5.1.s%ofthe isolates carried one or two of the carbapenemasegenes. T“he aqueous extract Sf.â. .sativa seed showednotoneofinhibitionagainstthetestedisolates.Then-hexaneextracthadzoneof MicrobiologIdiaSnosticlaboratoriofBabcockUnivers-ityTeachingho.s.pital*lli:san-remo* inhibitionthatrangedfrom26+3mmto6+4mmwhilethemethanolicextracthadzoneof inhibitionfrom124mmto6-£3mm.TheMICrangedfrom40mg/mLto120mg/mL.The qualitativepliytochemicalscreeningindicatedthepresenceofcardiacglycosides,steroids, phenols in all three extracts. Other phytocheinicalspresent included alkaloids, saponins, terpenoidsandflavonoids(methanolextract).tannins,alkaloidsandterpernoids(n-hexane extract) and flavonoids (aqueous extract). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of differentfattyacidswhichinclude9,12-Octadecadienoicacid.Octadecanoicacid.i-lexadccaooic °.cid. Cyclopropane,l,l-dichloro-2,2.3.3-tctramethyl, Methyl s:cara:e. PropyleneglycolMonoleateand11,13-Eicosadienoicacid.TheGC-MSresultswhendocked withthepenicillinbindingproteinofthebacteriarevealedPropyleneglycolSlonoleaietoliaxe thehighest bindingnegativeenergy.Thisstudy suggeststhat1S’igellasativaseedextracts (methanoland n-hexane) possess antimicrobialactivities against carbapenemresistantbacteria.
CO-INOCULATION EFFECTS OF Rhizobium AND Bacillus species ON GROWTH OF BELL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) IN A SCREEN HOUSE
(2025-07-05) Akintunde Oluwatosin Yetunde
ABSTRACT The persistent use of agrochemicals for red pepper cultivation in Nigeria raises concern about environmental contamination andhuman health hazards which requires the development of an alternative strategy to increase food production. The rhizosphere bacteria may provide direct or indirect plant growth stimulus. This research dealt with the co-inoculation of the Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) at the screen house using the Rhizobium and Bacillus species. The Bacillus species were isolated in the Rhizosphere of the Capsicum annuum var.grossum plants, identified and screened to fit plant growth promotion characteristics whereas the Rhizobium was procured through International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan and identified through biochemical test. The Bacillus isolates having more capability of growth promotion were investigated following the 16SrRNA Sequencing method and were adopted to In-vitro seedling bio-assays and screenhouse trials. C. annuum var. grossum seeds were obtained at National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and sterilized. The In-vitro germination assay was conducted using potential plant growth-promoting Bacillus isolates and Rhizobium followed by screen house experiments which was conducted in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Each experiment was performed in a Completely Randomized Design with six treatments (no Bacillus, B. licheniformis,B. subtilis, Rhizobium, B.licheniformis +Rhizobium andB.subtilis +Rhizobium) in triplicates. Data on agronomic traits were collected and analyzed using One-way analysis of variance. The in-vitro germination assay revealed that inoculation of C.annuumvar.grossum seeds with Rhizobium and Bacillus strains resulted in 20 % to 33.3 % germination increase and vigour index of 18.30 - 105.0 % over un-inoculated seeds.The screen house growth experiment showed a significant enhancement(p ≤ 0.05) in the growth attributes(plant height,stem girth, number of branches, number of leaves and leaf length) with bacterial inoculation using the soil inoculation and seed treatment methods.The growth attribute of the inoculated plants using the soil inoculation method ranged from 36.58-38.93 m,7.80-8.98 mm, 14.75-17.23 cm, 7.15-8.23 cm, 0.35-0.50 cm respectively. The seed treatment growth attributes ranged from 37.52-39.93 m,7.75-9.0 mm, 15.50-18.23 cm, 7.23-8.98 cm, 0.40-0.52 cm. In contrast, un-inoculated plants has lower range 23.35 m, 5.78 mm, 10.42, 5.65 and 0.21 cm (seed treatment) and 25.13 m, 5.89 mm, 11.50 cm, 5.78 cm, 0.28 cm (soil inoculation). The interaction between the bacterial strains used and the inoculation methods of growth traits of C.annuum var. grossum was also examined which indicates that the inoculation methods influenced all the growth attribute of the plant.The result in the screen house experiment revealed that irrespective of the application method, inoculations with B. licheniformis, B. subtilis and Rhizobium significantly enhanced C. annuum var.grossum plants compared to the non-inoculated plants. Inoculations by seed treatment was generally more effective, produced taller plants than the soil inoculation. Therefore, this study has shown the potential benefits of co-inoculation of B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, and Rhizobium which could be utilized as effective bioinoculants to promote growth of C.annuum var. grossum under screen house conditions.
WATER PRODUCTIVITY, YIELD AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) IN AZOLLA-AMENDED SOIL UNDER ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING IRRIGATION SYSTEM
(2025-06-26) ALABI OMOLAYO CATHERINE
ABSTRACT The decline in water availability as a result of climate change and the negative impact of chemicalfertilizer have posed a significant challenge on the sustainability of rice production through continuousflooding practice. This study assessed the effect of Azolla (an organic biofertilizer) and its combinationwith NPK fertilizer on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, and nutritional composition of lowland rice(NERICA L-19) under Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) irrigation system compared withContinuous Flooding (CF). The experiment was set up in a 2 × 3 factorial design with four replicates.Irrigation included CF and AWD while soil amendments were 100 kgN/ha Azolla (AZ), 50 kgN/haAzolla + 50 kgN/ha NPK (AZ + NPK) and 100 kgN/ha NPK (NPK). Plant height and leaf area weremeasured weekly using metre rule and leaf area meter, respectively. Numbers of tillers were countedweekly while Chlorophyll content was determined at the early tillering, late tillering and grain fillingstages using SPAD 502 meter. Average data was computed from the weekly data of plant height, leafarea and number of tillers. Shoot and root biomass were also determined using standard procedure. Atmaturity, water-use efficiency was calculated while yield and yield components (spikelets per panicle,percentage sterility, 1000 grain weights, number of superior and inferior spikelets) were determinedusing standard procedure. Proximate composition (ash, crude fibre, crude protein, and carbohydrate)was also determined. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and meanswere separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. The results of this studyshowed that AWD increased Water Use Efficiency of NERICA L-19 by 59% compared with CFwithout yield compromise. However, significant variation exists in the use of soil amendments underCF and AWD. Except for plant height, the single application of Azolla decreased number of tiller(36% and 36%) and leaf area (53% and 54%) compared with NPK under CF and AWD, respectively.AZ reduced grain yield by 42% and 31% compared with NPK under AWD and CF, respectively;whereas, AZ+NPK produced comparable yield under AWD and increased yield (p < 0.05) by 27%under CF when compared with NPK. AZ + NPK had no significance influence on 1000 grain weight,spikelet/panicle, inferior spikelets and percentage sterility under AWD and CF compared with AZ andNPK. However, it increased superior spikelets by 11% and 5% under AWD, and by 31% and 14%under CF compared to AZ and NPK, respectively. On average, AWD increased ash, crude fibre, crudeprotein of NERICA L-19 by 17.6%, 20.3%, 21.5%, respectively and decreased its carbohydrate by7.5% compared with CF. AZ+NPK significantly increased crude protein by 36% and 33% comparedwith AZ and NPK, respectively under AWD. The study demonstrates that the use of Azolla incombination with NPK under alternate wetting and drying irrigation system can be used to saveirrigation water while promoting yield and nutrient composition of lowland rice.
ASSESSMENT OF BACTEREMIA AND MYCOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN SEVERE ACUTE MALNOURISHED (SAM) INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN POPULATION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2025-03-18) OYENEKAN, OLUWATOSIN GANIYAT
ABSTRACT Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children, it suppresses the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility and severity of infections. Presence of Bacteria and Mycotoxins in Severe Acute Malnourished (SAM) children are a significant concern making these children highly vulnerable to the harmful effects of fungal toxins and bacteria due to their weakened immune system and often poor diet. Severe Acute Malnutrition in children is often attributed to food mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia, and liver enzyme derangement. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia and functionality parameters among SAM children in Ogun State. A Socio-demographic survey was carried out on 40 voluntary participants (mothers/caregivers) to know their level of mycotoxin awareness, knowledge and attitude towards childhood infections and avoidable causes using semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from twenty (20) confirmed SAM children enrolled after clinician’s assessment as recommended by the laboratory protocols. Using spectrophotometric methods, blood samples were screened forserum enzymes, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)which served as diagnostic indicators for some diseases. Urea, Electrolytes (sodium, potassium,chloride, bicarbonate) and creatinine were assessed using ABX Pentra 400 C Analyzer.Full blood countwas done using Medonic Automated blood Analyzer. Blood samples for bacteriological analysis were cultured on Brain Heart Infusion broth, and isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer using disc diffusion method using 10 antibiotics belonging to 4 classes of antibiotics. Extraction and quantification of mycotoxins from blood was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used for the statistical analyses (P < 0.05). The level of awareness of mycotoxins and childhood infection as well as avoidable causes was very low (14%) among caregivers (p < 0.05). The mean value for ALP and AST activities among the test group were normal while ALT (39.1 U/L) was higher than acceptable standard (25 U/L). Hyponatremia was found in 35% of the samples, 10% had hypokalaemia and hypochloremia (low chloride) while 55% had no electrolyte derangement. The mean value for packed cell volume, white blood cell, neutrophiles and lymphocyte counts were 39.9%, (5.9 x 109/L), 52.4% and 41.6% respectively. Two (10%) of the SAM children had bacteraemia (Escherichia coli) growth and the isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Cotrimoxazole.The prevalence of Ochratoxin was 55% while Aflatoxin was 45%. The highest mycotoxin concentration identified was Aflatoxin B1 (19.7844 µg/ml) while the lowest was Ochratoxin (0.0399 µg/ml). The ranges of the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin were 0.1169ug/ml to 19.7844 u ug/ml and 0.0399 to 0.1171ug/ml, respectively. This study showed that attitudes of caregivers towards childhood infection and avoidable causes is very low, no association was found between bacteremia and level of mycotoxins and serum enzymes deranged in 10% of the children which contributed to mortality in SAM children.
EFFECTS OF ROASTED CASHEW NUT – SUPPLEMENTED DIET ON ETHANOL INDUCED – NEUROLOGICAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITIES IN MALE WISTAR RATS
(2025-04-13) OKERE, UCHENNA DANIEL
ABSTRACT Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol whose primary metabolites are the highly toxic acetaldehyde, acetate and other reactiveoxygen species, which has been implicated in both neurological and cardiovascular disorders. The study investigated theeffects of roasted cashew nut-supplemented diet (RCN) on ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovasculartoxicities. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats (120-150) g were segregated into five (5) groups (n = 6): Group A(Control-Standard diet), Group B (30% Ethanol + Standard diet), Group C (30% Ethanol + 5% RCN), Group D (30% Ethanol + 10% RCN) and Group E (10% RCN). Ethanol (30% v/v) was administered at 4 ml/kg body weight for twenty-eight days. Proximate analysis on the control standard diet and the RCN diets was done using AOAC standard methods.Biochemical parameters including alcohol metabolizing enzymes activities,antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, brain and heart biomarkers of ethanol toxicities, weredetermined using spectrophotometry. Data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance,followed by the Tukey’s test with p < 0.05 considered significant. The proximate composition of the control diet, 5% and 10% RCN supplemented diet, showed (4.44, 4.72, 4.94)% for protein, (12.20, 13.51, 14.46)% moisture, (9.30, 9.48, 9.53)% ash, (5.72, 7.43, 7.49)% oil, (2.09, 2.59, 2.73)% fiber and carbohydrates (66.25, 62.27, 60.85)%, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in treated groups increased in the Ethanol (92 and 77)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (68 and 52)%, and Ethanol + 10% RCN (34 and 27)%, respectively, compared to the control. Creatine kinase activity in the plasma and heart of treated groups increased in the Ethanol (49 and 31)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (22 and 20)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN (13 and 11)%, respectively, compared to the control. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma and heart increased in the Ethanol by (73 and 53)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN by (48 and 21)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN by (35 and 14)%, respectively, compared to control. However, there was significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the brain acetylcholinesterase activity in the Ethanol treated groups compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase in Ethanol group, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN decreased by 31%, 17% and 7%, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, catalase activity decreased by 55%, 35% and 24%, respectively, in the plasma compared to control. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly (p < 0.05), in the plasma by 0.75 fold in the Ethanol group compared to the control. Cholesterol levels increased by 1.0, 0.7, and 0.4 folds; low density lipoprotein by 0.9, 0.63 and 0.21 folds, also, very low-density lipoprotein by 1.2, 0.9 and 0.4 folds in the plasma of Ethanol, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN groups, respectively, compared to the control. Histopathology of the brain showed lesions in decreasing order (Ethanol > Ethanol + 5% RCN > Ethanol + 10% RCN) compared to the control group (having no lesions). In conclusion, results obtained suggest that consumption of roasted cashew nut could be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovascular toxicities in male Wistar rats.
EFFECTS OF ROASTED CASHEW NUT – SUPPLEMENTED DIET ON ETHANOL INDUCED – NEUROLOGICAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITIES IN MALE WISTAR RATS
(2025-04-23) OKERE, UCHENNA DANIEL
ABSTRACT Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol whose primary metabolites are the highly toxic acetaldehyde, acetate and other reactiveoxygen species, which has been implicated in both neurological and cardiovascular disorders. The study investigated theeffects of roasted cashew nut-supplemented diet (RCN) on ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovasculartoxicities. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats (120-150) g were segregated into five (5) groups (n = 6): Group A(Control-Standard diet), Group B (30% Ethanol + Standard diet), Group C (30% Ethanol + 5% RCN), Group D (30% Ethanol + 10% RCN) and Group E (10% RCN). Ethanol (30% v/v) was administered at 4 ml/kg body weight for twenty-eight days. Proximate analysis on the control standard diet and the RCN diets was done using AOAC standard methods.Biochemical parameters including alcohol metabolizing enzymes activities,antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, brain and heart biomarkers of ethanol toxicities, weredetermined using spectrophotometry. Data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance,followed by the Tukey’s test with p < 0.05 considered significant. The proximate composition of the control diet, 5% and 10% RCN supplemented diet, showed (4.44, 4.72, 4.94)% for protein, (12.20, 13.51, 14.46)% moisture, (9.30, 9.48, 9.53)% ash, (5.72, 7.43, 7.49)% oil, (2.09, 2.59, 2.73)% fiber and carbohydrates (66.25, 62.27, 60.85)%, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in treated groups increased in the Ethanol (92 and 77)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (68 and 52)%, and Ethanol + 10% RCN (34 and 27)%, respectively, compared to the control. Creatine kinase activity in the plasma and heart of treated groups increased in the Ethanol (49 and 31)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN (22 and 20)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN (13 and 11)%, respectively, compared to the control. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma and heart increased in the Ethanol by (73 and 53)%, Ethanol + 5% RCN by (48 and 21)% and Ethanol + 10% RCN by (35 and 14)%, respectively, compared to control. However, there was significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the brain acetylcholinesterase activity in the Ethanol treated groups compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase in Ethanol group, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN decreased by 31%, 17% and 7%, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, catalase activity decreased by 55%, 35% and 24%, respectively, in the plasma compared to control. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly (p < 0.05), in the plasma by 0.75 fold in the Ethanol group compared to the control. Cholesterol levels increased by 1.0, 0.7, and 0.4 folds; low density lipoprotein by 0.9, 0.63 and 0.21 folds, also, very low-density lipoprotein by 1.2, 0.9 and 0.4 folds in the plasma of Ethanol, Ethanol + 5% RCN and Ethanol + 10% RCN groups, respectively, compared to the control. Histopathology of the brain showed lesions in decreasing order (Ethanol > Ethanol + 5% RCN > Ethanol + 10% RCN) compared to the control group (having no lesions). In conclusion, results obtained suggest that consumption of roasted cashew nut could be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol-induced neurological and cardiovascular toxicities in male Wistar rats.
ASSESSMENT OF BACTEREMIA AND MYCOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN SEVERE ACUTE MALNOURISHED (SAM) INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN POPULATION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2025-08-22) OYENEKAN, OLUWATOSIN GANIYAT
ABSTRACT Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children, it suppresses the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility and severity of infections. Presence of Bacteria and Mycotoxins in Severe Acute Malnourished (SAM) children are a significant concern making these children highly vulnerable to the harmful effects of fungal toxins and bacteria due to their weakened immune system and often poor diet. Severe Acute Malnutrition in children is often attributed to food mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia, and liver enzyme derangement. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of mycotoxin exposure, bacteremia and functionality parameters among SAM children in Ogun State. A Socio-demographic survey was carried out on 40 voluntary participants (mothers/caregivers) to know their level of mycotoxin awareness, knowledge and attitude towards childhood infections and avoidable causes using semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from twenty (20) confirmed SAM children enrolled after clinician’s assessment as recommended by the laboratory protocols. Using spectrophotometric methods, blood samples were screened forserum enzymes, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)which served as diagnostic indicators for some diseases. Urea, Electrolytes (sodium, potassium,chloride, bicarbonate) and creatinine were assessed using ABX Pentra 400 C Analyzer.Full blood countwas done using Medonic Automated blood Analyzer. Blood samples for bacteriological analysis were cultured on Brain Heart Infusion broth, and isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer using disc diffusion method using 10 antibiotics belonging to 4 classes of antibiotics. Extraction and quantification of mycotoxins from blood was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used for the statistical analyses (P < 0.05). The level of awareness of mycotoxins and childhood infection as well as avoidable causes was very low (14%) among caregivers (p < 0.05). The mean value for ALP and AST activities among the test group were normal while ALT (39.1 U/L) was higher than acceptable standard (25 U/L). Hyponatremia was found in 35% of the samples, 10% had hypokalaemia and hypochloremia (low chloride) while 55% had no electrolyte derangement. The mean value for packed cell volume, white blood cell, neutrophiles and lymphocyte counts were 39.9%, (5.9 x 109/L), 52.4% and 41.6% respectively. Two (10%) of the SAM children had bacteraemia (Escherichia coli) growth and the isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Cotrimoxazole.The prevalence of Ochratoxin was 55% while Aflatoxin was 45%. The highest mycotoxin concentration identified was Aflatoxin B1 (19.7844 µg/ml) while the lowest was Ochratoxin (0.0399 µg/ml). The ranges of the Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin were 0.1169ug/ml to 19.7844 u ug/ml and 0.0399 to 0.1171ug/ml, respectively. This study showed that attitudes of caregivers towards childhood infection and avoidable causes is very low, no association was found between bacteremia and level of mycotoxins and serum enzymes deranged in 10% of the children which contributed to mortality in SAM children.
EXPLORATION, ADAPTATION, REDESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF TRADITIONAL BOARD AND CARD GAMES FOR ENHANCING HEALTH EDUCATION FOR ELIMINATING SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2024-07-25) UMUNNAKWE, CYNTHIA UCHECHUKWU
A Thesis submitted to the Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Parasitology
EVALUATION OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS IN WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE-BASED COMMUNITIES, ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT FATIGUE IN OGUN CENTRAL, NIGERIA
(2024-08-20) TAIWO, OLUWASEYI TUNRAYO
ABSTRACT Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions due to unsafe water, inadequate hygiene, and poor sanitation. This study evaluated two NTDs (schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH)) in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) based communities in Ogun Central and the associated risk factors. Stool and urine samples were collected from 1,019 school pupils in 20 communities from March 2021 to March 2023.The twenty communities grouped under four local government areas namely Odeda, Abeokuta South, Abeokuta North and Obafemi - Owode.Stool and urine samples were examined for the presence of helminths and schistosomes using the Kato Katz technique and the urine filtration method, respectively. Pre-tested questionnaires were administered to the pupils to obtain information on demographic characteristics, WASH resources and characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes, also to evaluate anthelminthic fatigue. The collected data were analyzed for descriptive (frequency, percent) and inferential statistics (chi-square) using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results showed that 199 (22%), 17 (2%) and 24 (2%) participants were infected with STH, Schistosoma mansoniandSchistosoma haematobium, respectively.Among the STHs,Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent (11%), followed by hookworm (6%) while Trichuris trichiura had the lowest prevalence (3%).There were more female (56%) than male (44%) respondents. However, the overall prevalence was higher in male than female (χ2= 0.879; p>0.05).There was a significant association (p<0.05) between pupils’ ages and S. haematobium infection. Furthermore, a significant association (χ2 = 0.000; p<0.05) was observed between water supply sources and urinary schistosomiasis, but not between watersupply sources and STH (χ2 = 0.575; p > 0.05). Exactly 63% of the respondents did not treat water at all, while 37% treated their drinking water. The highest infection of STH and schistosomiasis was observed for respondents using bush as a means of defecation (30%). The sanitation assessment with the prevalence of STH (χ2 = 0.965; p>0.05) showed no significant difference while S. haematobium infection (χ2 = 0.045; p<0.05) showed significant association with toilet facilities. The hygiene assessment of footwear did not show any significant relationship (p>0.05) for STH and schistosomiasis. Haematuria showed significantassociation (χ2 = 0.000; p<0.05) with S. haematobium infection. On geophagy, STH prevalence showed 21% and 25% infection rates for those that ate soil and those that did not, respectively. Results showed that 76% did not experience any treatment fatigue, while 7% and 5% had headaches and stomachaches, respectively after using anthelmintics. The attitude of respondents towards the usage of anthelmintics revealed that 89% of respondents have never thrown drugs away, while 8% threw them away. This study revealed that age, type of toilet facility used, water treatment and water supply sources werethe likely associated risk factors in WASH communities in Ogun Central, Nigeria.
EFFECTS OF Abrus precatorius (L.) LEAF METHANOL EXTRACT ON HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN MALE WISTAR RATS
(2024-02-20) SIEMURI OGUGU ESE
ABSTRACT Abrus precatorius leaf is widely used for tradomedicinal purposes in treating myriads of diseases. However, there is a paucity of information on its pharmacological mechanism of action on such diseases. The present study investigated the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antidyslipidemic effects of A. precatorius leaf methanol extract (APLME) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemic male Wistar rats. Seventy male Wistar rats (280 - 300) g were separated into seven groups (n = 6): group 1 (control); group 2 (HFD); group 3 (HFD + standard drug, 7.2 mg/kg atorvastatin p.o.); group 4 (HFD + 150 mg/kg APLME); group 5 (HFD + 300 mg/kg APLME); group 6 (HFD + 450 mg/kg APLME); group 7 (HFD + 600 mg/kg APLME p.o.). High-fat diet was given for 20 weeks after which treatments (APLME and atorvastatin) were given for 4 weeks.Blood was collected, and tissues were harvested for biochemical and histological analyses. Standard chemical methods and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy profiling were employed to determine the APLME phytoconstituents. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc test to separate means at p<0.05.The bioactive phytochemicals mainly found in APLME were benzofuran-2,3-dihydro-Coumaran, phytol-acetate, and 3-o-Methyl-d-glucose. Rats administered HFD only showed significant (p<0.05) increase in MDA levels in serum, liver, heart, and kidney with values of 53.55±0.50,12.70±0.15,10.47±0.35, and 7.941±0.08μmol/g proteinrespectively when compared to the control. The APLME-treated groups showed a dose-dependent significant decrease in all tissues, compared to the HFD group, with the 600 mg/kg APLME group having 17.80±0.77,1.69±0.10,3.36±0.16, and 3.27±0.10 μmol/g protein respectively. Conversely, there were significant (p<0.05) increases in SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GST, and G6PDH activities in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the HFD-group. Furthermore, HFD significantly (p<0.05) lowered the anti-inflammatory biomarker IL-10 while significantly (p<0.05) increasing the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers TNF-α, MPO, and hs-CRP when compared to the control. Reduction in pro-inflammatory with parallel significant (p<0.05) increase in anti-inflammatory biomarkers resulted from APLME treatment. APLME-treated groups had significant (p<0.05) decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase isozyme (CK-MB), and aspartate aminotransferase, with the 600 mg/kg APLME group having80.14±1.90, 92.81±1.84, and 125.6±2.01 U/L activities respectively which were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in HFD. Lipid profile of APLME-treated groups resulted in a significant increase in HDL-C and APO A-I, with a corresponding reduction in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C, phospholipids, NEFA and APO B in the 600 mg/kg APLME-group having 67.77±0.19, 79.56±1.44, 20.75±1.29, 15.91±0.47, 44.99±1.34, 5.96±0.33 and 18.52±0.35 mg/dL respectively. Additionally, APLME at 600 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) decreased HMG-CoA reductase (34.61±0.77 to 22.64±0.36 U/L), Fatty acid synthase (10.70±0.19 to 3.38±0.29 U/L) but increased Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (1.63±0.14 to 10.41±0.19 U/L) activities when compared with HFD-group. The liver of both APLME-treated and HFD-group showed mild to moderate portal sinusoidal congestion and cellular infiltration but no visible lesion in the heart and kidney. Conclusively, oral administration of Abrusprecartorius leaf methanolic extract at 600 mg/kg lowered high fat diet-induced oxidative, inflammatory and dyslipidemic abnormalities in male Wistar rats.
MODULATORY EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF CRAB-CHITOSAN ON RENAL DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH 1, 2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE-INDUCED COLORECTAL CANCER IN MALE WISTAR RATS
(2024-09-20) OYEYINKA, Tolulope Oyeronke
ABSTRACT Renal dysfunction is a significant complication in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and is 12 associated with high morbidity and mortality. Studies have reported that 35% of CRC cases are 13 linked to dietary factors. This study investigated the modulatory effects of dietary inclusion of 14 chitosan on renal dysfunction associated with CRC in male Wistar rats induced with 65 mg/kg b.w.t 15 of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Forty-nine male Wistar rats (80–100) g were separated into seven groups (n=7): normal control, DMH control, DMH + 2.5% chitosan, DMH + 5% chitosan, 17 DMH + 7.5% chitosan, DMH + standard drug (capecitabine - 10 mg/kg b.wt.), and Diet control(7.5% chitosan). The DMH was administered subcutaneously weekly for six weeks followed by chitosan-inclusion diets given for eight weeks. The normal control, DMH control and DMH +standard drug groups were fed normal diet. Samples of blood, colon, and kidney were taken and processed using standard methods for biochemical, haematological, geneexpression and histopathological analyses. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test; p < 0.05 was considered significant. The DMH control group showed elevated (9.4 fold) serum carcino-embryonic antigen when compared with the normal control, which was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 76% following chitosan treatment. The chitosaninclusion diets significantly (p < 0.05) increased the DMH-reduced creatinine (29 and 5.8) fold, and urea (53 and 31)% in the serum and kidney, respectively. Additionally, chitosan increased the DMH-reduced levels of calcium (1.7, 12.2, and 2.6) fold and magnesium (41, 284, and 6)%, inserum, kidney and colon, respectively. However, the effect of chitosan was observed only onsodium level in serum (71%) and kidney (242%), and colon potassium (71%). Furthermore, activities of Na+/K+- and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPases were significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited in the kidney and colon of DMH control group, but was dose-dependently reversed by chitosan diets. There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in levels of malondialdehyde (22, 30 and 33)% and reducedglutathione (23, 18 and 19)%, and 5' nucleotidase activity (0.2, 1.2 and 2) fold, respectively inserum, kidney and colon of DMH control compared with normal control. Gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly (p < 0.05) activated, respectively in the kidney (2.7 and 2.2) fold and colon (3 and 3.1) fold of DMH control compared to normal control. The reverse was observed for vitamin E level in all the compartments and vitamin C in kidney and colon. Furthermore, the DMH control group exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin, and βcl2 genes; however, dietary inclusion of chitosansignificantly abrogated this effect. Also, basophils significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 60% while eosinophils decreased by 97% in DMH control when compared to normal control; these changes were alleviated in groups given chitosan. Altered nephrotic and colonic architecture observed inDMH control were effectively remedied with chitosan. Conclusively, chitosan at 7.5% effectively ameliorated renal dysfunction associated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF KULI-KULI PRODUCED IN SELECTED LOCATIONS IN OGUN-STATE SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA.
(2023-11-20) OSIJO, AGNES ADEBOLA
ABSTRACT Kuli-kuli, a popular snack derived from groundnut (Arachis hypogea) is particularly prone to contamination by a wide variety of microorganisms. This research aimedto assess the microbiological quality of commercially availablekuli-kuliand also survey its traditional processing practicesso as to identify the possible cause of contamination (physical, chemical and biological) at different processing stages. Samples at processing stages were collected from four local producers and sixteen street vendorsin four selected towns in Ogun State. Samples prepared in the laboratory served as the control. Microbiological, chemical and physical assessments of samples were carried out using standard procedures. Total Bacterial Counts, Staphylococci, coliform, yeast and mold counts were enumerated on Nutrient, Mannitol Salt, MacConkey, yeast extract and Sabourad Dextrose agar, respectively.Microbial isolates were identified using morphological, biochemical and molecular methods. Chemical analysis was carried out using Kirk and Sawyer method. Mycotoxins of health concern: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1), HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEN) were also analyzed using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry method. Baseline assessment score sheet were used to obtain information about vending and processingarea, handling practices and process control.All data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 17.0.Means were separated using Duncan multiple range test. The total bacterial counts in the raw groundnut samples ranged from 1.56±0.00 to 3.66±0.00Log10 CFU/g, moulded kuli-kuli ranged from 2.00±0.06 to 2.75±0.06 Log10 CFU/gand the final product ranged from 1.10±0.08 to 2.30±0.08Log10 CFU/g. The fungal count in the raw groundnut ranged from 1.43±0.10 to 10.01±1.99Log10 CFU/g, moulded kuli-kuli ranged from 1.02± 0.05 to 3.05± 0.60Log10 CFU/g and the final product ranged from 0.50± 0.01 to 3.00± 0.07 Log10 CFU/g.Bacterial species isolated from street vended samples includedPseudomonas spp, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coli, while mould isolated were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusniger, Mucorhiemalis,Rhizopusspp. and Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Some physical contaminants were observed during the processing stages of kuli-kuli. In the street vended kuli-kuli, cadmium concentrations ranged from (0.01 to 1.03)mg/kg, arsenic (0.10 to 12.05)mg/kg. Lead (0.03)mg/kg was detected only in the sample collected from one out of the sixteen vendors. Cadmium concentrations ranged from 0.24±0.03 to 6.10± 0.10 mg/kg in the raw groundnuts and 0.14±0.06 to 7.45± 1.50 mg/kg in the finished products both obtained from local producers.Lead was not detected in any of the stages during processing. High levels of AFB1 (162 µg/ kg), FB1 (154 µg/kg), AFB2 (59 µg/kg), and FB2 (57 µg/kg) were recorded in the samples. The level of the microbial, chemical and physical contamination at different processing stages of kuli-kuli in this study showed that there are safety concerns in the kuli-kuli products from the different local producers and street vendors.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES FROM LOW-VALUE AGRO-WASTE AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS BIOCIDES IN PAINT INDUSTRY
(2024-07-20) MOYOSORE, WASIU ABAYOMI
ABSTRACT Paint contains organic materials which can serve as both carbon and energy sources for microorganisms, therefore susceptible to microbial attack during storage and after application on a surface. The resistance of paint spoilage microbes to conventional biocides necessitates the development of improved and more effective biocides. Nanomaterials have recorded broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the biocidal efficacy of biogenic nanosilver (AgNPs) and nanotitania (TiNPs) as potential biocides for the paint industry. The nanosilver and nanotitania were synthesized by adding aqueous extract of banana peel to silver nitrate (AgNO3) and titanium iv oxide (TiO2), respectively. The biogenic nanoparticles were characterized using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to profile metabolites present in the banana peel. Paint microbes were isolated from two samples of in-can paints and fifteen painted walls observed for visible discolorations in Abeokuta and characterized using morphological, biochemical, and molecular methods. The biocidal efficacy of the biogenic nanoparticles against the isolates was investigated. Bioactive compounds revealed by GC-MS were docked against biomarkers present in susceptible isolates using iGEMDOCK software. The results were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance while treatment means were separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test at 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry recorded surface plasmon resonance at 475 and 260 nm for AgNPs and TiNPs, respectively. The SEM revealed polydispersed AgNPs and TiNPs having average sizes of 83.48 and 96.4nm, respectively. The EDX confirmed the presence of silver and titanium with carbon and oxygen showing that both nanoparticles are biogenic. The intensity of XRD peaks reflected that both nanoparticles are crystalline with AgNPs similar to that of face centered cubic structure of silver, while 2Ɵ at peak around 25° confirmed TiO2 anatase structure. The FT-IR analysis showed the presence of carboxylic acids and esters, confirming n-Hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester as revealed by GC-MS. The susceptible isolates identified by molecular method were Pseudomonas aeruginosa FUNAAB WAS01, Kosakonia cowanii FUNAAB WAS02, and Aspergillus aculeatus FUNAAB WAS03 with Kosakonia cowanii being a novel bacterium implicated in paint deterioration. At concentrations 4 - 125µg/ml, the nanoparticles exhibited biocidal efficacy against the three paint isolates. The TiNPs inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zone of inhibition of 20 mm diameter while conventional biocide recorded no zone of inhibition. Docking analysis revealed that n – Hexadecanoic acid has a relatively high negative binding energy of 88, 80, and 73 kcal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa FUNAAB WAS01, Kosakonia cowanii FUNAAB WAS02, and Aspergillus aculeatus FUNAAB WAS03. The study suggested that biogenic nanosilver and nanotitania are effective biocides against microbes implicated in paint degradation.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CLASS 1, 2, AND 3 INTEGRONS IN MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT UROPATHOGENIC Klebsiella pneumoniae FROM PATIENTS ATTENDING TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA
(2023-11-20) NWACHUKWU, VICTORIA UDOCHUKWU
ABSTRACT Integrons play an outstandingrole in the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistant genes especially among uropathogenicKlebsiella pneumoniae. However, the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) or Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae are increasingly becoming health care concern. This study aimed to characterize three classes of integrons identified among Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) uropathogenicKlebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients visiting two tertiary hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty-three suspected Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the urine benches of University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan (205) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Abeokuta (48) were examined. Isolates were identified using Analytical Profile Index 20E, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Susceptibility of isolates to 14 antibiotic discs under 8 classes was determined using disc diffusion method. MDR was based on resistance to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. 10 isolates with resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics were selected for molecular studies. The Clinical laboratory standard institute confirmation test was used for the evaluation of ESBL or MBL production. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration were ascertained using microdilution technique. The DNA of the 10 MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDRKP) was extracted using ZYMO research miniprep kit. Presence of blaIMPorblaCTX-M genes, class 1, 2, and 3 integrons, and the content of conserved segment (CS) were amplified using polymerase chain reaction. A total of 194 (95%) isolates from UCH and 10 (5%) from FMC were presumptively identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by API 20E. Similarly, 88 (97.8%) from UCH, and 2 (2.2%) from FMC were putatively confirmed as Klebsiella pneumoniae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. While 86.7% of the isolates were susceptible to colistin, 71.5% and 59.8% were sensitive to imipenem and cefoxitin respectively. High resistant phenotype was recorded against ampicillin (97.3%), amoxicillin clavulanate (82.4%), cephalothin (80.1%), cefotaxime (76.6%), sulfamethazine (73.4%) and ceftazidime (71.1%). The ESBL production was identified in 42.2% and MBL in 57.8% of the positive isolates in 57.8%. The MIC value for both colistin and imipenem ranged from 8-32 µg/mL, while cefotaxime value ranged from 4-64 µg/ml. All the isolates harboured blaIMPgroup while 87.5% carried blaCTX-M. Class 1, 2 integrons were detected in 87.5% strain while 25% harboured class 3 integrons. The CS of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons revealed 7 different arrays of antibiotic resistant genes (dfrA5, dfrA30; aadA1, dfrA1-sat1; dfrA1-sat1; dfrA5, dfrA30; aadA2; aadA2, dfrA12 and dfrA5, dfrA30, aadA2, aadA2, dfrA12). This study revealed high prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons carrying gene cassettes and the presence of class 3 integrons among multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harbouring blaCTX-M and blaIMP genes in the studied tertiary hospitals in Nigeria.
PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF METABOLITES PRODUCED BY WILD AND MUTANT STRAINS OF ACTINOBACTERIA ON POST-EMERGENCE OF Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. KING and H. E. ROBINS2
(2024-01-20) HASSAN Husseinat Olamide
ABSTRACT Chromolaena odorata, known as Siam weed, is one of the most invasive weeds in Nigeria and West Africa. The allelochemicals produced by this plant may inhibit the growth of many crop plants, causing yield losses. Chemical herbicides are commonly used to control this weed but their use has contributed to health hazard and environmental pollution. This study evaluated the phytotoxic effects of metabolites produced by wild and mutant strains of actinobacteria species on post-emergent C. odorata. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of young seedlings and mature plants of C. odorata from four farms within and outside the university. Actinobacteria were isolated from the soil samples using standard microbiological techniques. The actinobacterial isolates were then identified by morphological and biochemical characterization methods. They were then screened for their phytotoxic effects using seed germination and detached leaf necrosis assays. Two isolates with the highest phytotoxic potentials were exposed to UV light and different concentrations of ethidium bromide solution. Secondary metabolites were extracted from the wild and mutant actinobacterial species with higher phytotoxic potentials. Screen house studies on the post-emergence of C. odorata were carried out to assess the phytotoxic effects of two most effective metabolites. In the screen house, 6 treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design in triplicates. The two isolates were then characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. The bioactive constituents of the metabolites were also determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by separation of means using Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. The total actinobacterial counts of the rhizospheric and rhizoplane soil samples of C. odorata ranged from 0.00 – 2.67 × 103 CFU/g and 0.00 – 5.0 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. A total of 31 isolates belonging to the genera Streptomyces, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Microbacterium, Micromonospora, Micrococcus, Bifidobacterium, Kocuria, Frankia and Mycobacterium were obtained. Only 18 (58.06 %) isolates inhibited the seed germination of C. odorata. Results of leaf necrosis assay revealed that among the isolates, 5 exhibited highest phytotoxic potentials, inducing 100% necrosis on C. odorata leaves. The results also showed that the metabolites produced by mutant strains of Streptomyces malaysiensis and Frankia asymbiotica caused 100% and 96% necrosis on the leaves of C. odorata, respectively. The screen house experiment revealed that the metabolites produced by mutant and wild strains of S. malaysiensis and F. asymbiotica exhibited moderate to high phytotoxic activities (35.8 % to 89.1 %) on the post-emergence of C. odorata causing necrosis curling, wilting and chlorosis at 21 days after application. The HPLC analyses detected 19 and 9 bioactive constituents in metabolites of S. malaysiensis and F. asymbiotica mutants respectively, with 2, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol found in both metabolites. The study therefore showed that metabolites produced by mutant and wild strains of S. malaysiensis and F. asymbiotica possessed phytotoxic properties on the post-emergent Chromolaena odorata under screen house conditions.

Browse

Recent Submissions