College of Engineering

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    EVALUATION OF CRUA4B-RUBBER IN THE STABILISATION OF SOFT SOIL
    (2025-06-20) ADEKANMBI, ADESALE YUSUF
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    PRODUCTION OF REFRACTORY BRICKS FROM TERMITE MOUND
    (2025-09-09) ADEKEYE, MOYINOLUWA SOLOMON
    ABSTRACT Refractory bricks are widely used in various industries such as steel, construction, and agriculture. Refractories are typically classified into two groups based on porosity: dense and porous refractories. Porous refractories constitute a significant category and are commonly employed in industrial applications due to their excellent thermal insulation properties and lightweight nature. Porosity is usually achieved by introducing combustible materials into the raw material mixture. This study investigated the utilization of Abeokuta termite mound for the production of refractory bricks using rice husk as a pore-forming agent. The termite mound was sourced from an area near the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, while rice husk was obtained from Oshodi Market. The termite mound was crushed, ground, sieved, and characterized to determine its mineralogical and chemical compositions. Refractory bricks were produced from the termite mound with rice husk contents of 0% and 16% serving as the pore former. The bricks were oven-dried at 105 °C for six hours and subsequently fired at 1000 °C. The physical properties of the produced bricks—specific gravity (SG), apparent density (AD), bulk density (BD), water absorption (WA), apparent porosity (AP), thermal shock resistance (TSR), linear shrinkage (LS), compressive strength (CS), and refractoriness were evaluated. The results revealed that the main chemical constituents of the termite mound were 65.77% silica and 18.48% alumina. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed a homogeneous microstructure with fine grain distribution. The refractoriness values obtained were 1300 °C for bricks without rice husk and 1520 °C for bricks containing 16% rice husk. Similarly, the values of SG were 1.97 and 1.73; CS were 4.75 and 4.56 N/mm²; AP were 33% and 57.5%; BD were 1.781 and 0.8 g/cm³; WA were 16% and 24.7%; and LS were 4.0% and 6.0% for 0% and 16% rice husk contents, respectively. All measured parameters were within the acceptable ranges specified by international standards for refractory bricks. The standard ranges include BD (1.0–2.1 g/cm³), SG (1.8–2.5), TSR (10–24 cycles), LS (≤4.0%), AP (30–60%), WA (13.4–27.6%), and refractoriness (≥1400 °C). The thermal shock resistance decreased from 24 to 16 cycles with an increase in rice husk content. The relatively high alumina content in the Abeokuta termite mound enhanced the refractoriness of the bricks, increasing it from 1300 °C at 0% rice husk to 1520 °C at 16% rice husk. Overall, compressive strength, apparent porosity, water absorption, and refractoriness increased with increasing rice husk content, while specific gravity, bulk density, and thermal shock resistance decreased. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing refractory bricks from termite mound material, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for refractory brick production. The use of locally available resources and agricultural waste materials not only improves material performance but also contributes to environmental sustainability.
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    DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENTED RIG SYSTEM FOR MEASURING TRACTOR TILLAGE PERFORMANCE IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
    (2025-07-16) BABALOLA, Ayoola Abiola
    ABSTRACT Tractor use and implement selection in Nigeria have not been fully optimised for sustainable agricultural mechanisation due to insufficient information on tractor-implement performance in field operations and robust tractor implement testing standards. In this study, an instrumented rig system for measuring tractor performance was designed, fabricated and evaluated for the measurement of tillage parameters during ploughing and harrowing on a sandy loam soil. The instrumented system included an IoT-based three-point hitch dynamometer, travel speed device, wheel slip meter, a 3D vibration meter, a 5- in-1 emission meter (that can measure carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compound, PM 2.5 and PM 10), a carbon monoxide meter, an inclinometer, and a sound meter.The system was tested on a well-maintained Case II tractor in a completely randomised factorial experiment on a 130.5 by 30 m plot at coordinates 7.218° N and 3.434 °E, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. The factors of the study were, tractor travel speed (kmhr-1), implement depth (cm) and implement type while the parameters measured included implement draft, power consumption, wheel slip, fuel consumption, ride quality, sound level, vibration (acceleration) and exhaust gas emissions.The results showed that draft values duringploughing ranged from 284.67 N at 10 cm depth, 3 kmhr-1 travel speed to 12944.4 N at 30 cm, 7 kmhr1 while the values ranged from 315 N to13710N for the same depths and travel speed combination during harrowing. Power consumption ranged from 359 to 25169.97 W during ploughing while it ranged from 293 to 27588.4 W during harrowing. Fuel consumption ranged from 0.21 to 0.83 litremin-1during ploughing and 0.21 to 0.95litremin-1 during harrowing.The minimum and maximum values of ride quality recorded during ploughing were 0.06 to 5.4ms-2while values recorded during harrowing were 0.0207 to 4.193 ms-2. Vibration (acceleration) ranged from 1.46 to23.7 ms-2 for ploughing while the value for harrowing ranged from 2.21 to18.57 ms-2 at the maximum travel speed and implement depth, respectively. The wheel slip ranged from 3.4 to 8.7¬¬% during ploughing while during harrowing, the wheel slip ranged from 2.5 to 8.9%.The sound levels for ploughing ranged from 82.6 to 85.1 dB while the harrowing operation produced sound levels of 64.79 to 86.73 dB which are within NIOS and OSHA standards, respectively. The CO2 obtained from the study during ploughing ranged from 835 to 2478 ppm (<5,000 ppm WHO standard) while the values recorded obtained during harrowing was from 899to 2513 ppm. The values of carbon monoxide emission recorded during ploughing ranged from 200 to 659 ppm (>90ppm EPA standard), while the CO emission values for harrowing ranged from 189 to 355 ppm at 3 kmhr-1 and 7 kmhr-1 respectively. ANOVA (α= 0.05) revealed that implement draft, power consumption fuel consumption and vibration (acceleration) were significantly affected by a change in implement depth and travel speed. The performance recorded for the instrumented rig system improved greatly on the sandy loam soil in southwest Nigeria.
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    DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF PAWPAW (CARICA PAPAYA) SEED AND THE EFFECT OF PROCESSING FACTORS ON THE NUTRITIONAL/PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PAWPAW SEED OIL
    (2025-07-24) ODUNUKAN RISIKAT OLUWATOYIN
    ABSTRACT Pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds, often treated as agricultural waste, are a rich source of oil (25–34%) and contain valuable bioactive compounds such as benzyl isothiocyanate, phenolics, and flavonoids. This study investigated the drying characteristics of pawpaw seeds and examined how heating and expression temperatures affect the yield and quality of the extracted oil. The study employed a 2×3×3 factorial experimental design to evaluate the effects of drying methods (oven-drying at 40, 50, and 60°C; ambient air-drying) and expression temperatures (180, 200, and 220°C) on oil yield and quality. Ripe and unripe pawpaw seeds were collected, cleaned, and dried to determine moisture content and drying kinetics. Oil was extracted using an electric press, and the yield was calculated. The oil was analyzed for physicochemical properties (saponification value, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, pH, pour point, refractive index, specific gravity), proximate composition (moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrates, energy), and phytochemical content (total phenols, flavonoids). Drying kinetics were modelled using moisture ratio (MR), drying rate (DR), and effective moisture diffusivity (Deff). Oil quality parameters were assessed using standard Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods. Results showed that oven-drying at 60°C significantly reduced drying time, but it also risked degrading heat-sensitive compounds. Ambient air-drying was slower but preserved more bioactive components. The Midilli-Kucuk model best described the drying behaviour. The highest yields were obtained from ripe seeds that were air-dried and expressed at 200°C (37.14%). Unripe seeds required higher expression temperatures (220°C) to achieve comparable yields (34.28%). Overheating (>200°C) reduced yields due to thermal degradation. Oil from seeds dried at 50°C showed good quality, with low free fatty acids (0.91%) and peroxide value (1.62 meq O₂/kg), v indicating stability. Its high viscosity (45.2 mPa•s) makes it suitable for cosmetic use. In contrast, oil from ripe seeds dried at 60°C and expressed at 220°C had the highest saponification value (223.13 mg KOH/g), iodine value (73.51 g I₂/100g), and refractive index (1.47). These values suggest the oil contains short-chain fatty acids ideal for soap making, has good unsaturation levels beneficial for skin care, and a molecular structure suitable for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Phytochemical analysis revealed that higher retention of phenols (301.11 mg/100 mg) and flavonoids (99.30mg/100mg) occurred. In air-dried samples. The study showed that drying and expression temperatures significantly (p < 0.05) influenced pawpaw seed oil yield and quality, with oven-drying at 50°C combined with expression at 200°C providing the best balance between efficiency and oil quality for ripe seeds, while unripe seeds require higher expression temperatures and ambient air-drying, though slower, preserves bioactive compounds better. These findings provide a foundation for optimizing industrial-scale pawpaw seed oil extraction, promoting sustainable utilization of this underutilized by-product.
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    PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO (BAMBUSA VULGARIS) CHARCOAL IN COMPARISON WITH THREE OTHER INDIGENOUS WOOD CHARCOALS
    (2025-06-17) OGUNSOLA, ADETUNJI OLUSEUN
    ABSTRACT Charcoal is a carbonaceous solid with a fixed carbon content of 70% or more. Wood charcoal is processed by heating wood materials in a low-oxygen environment.Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) is a woody material composed of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin that can produce higher value-added products by pyrolysis processes with low ash content. This study investigated the energy potential of bamboo (bambusa vulgaris) as an alternative charcoal material in comparison to indigenous wood in terms of mechanical and combustion properties. Bamboo and three other wood species Teak (Tectona grandis), Afara (Terminalia superba) and Omo (Cordiamillenii) were dimensioned for mechanical properties’ determination using ASTM standards. All samples were carbonized in a portable laboratory kiln at 400oC to charcoal. Combustion characteristics were determined for the carbonized samples using standards of the ASTM, while Fuel Value Index (FIV), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Compressive Strength (COMP) were obtained for all the samples and comparedusing ANOVA at 5% significant level. Results from proximate analysis showed that charcoal from Volatile Matter values ranged from 20.0 to 25.95% with Teak Charcoal(TC) having the highest value and Bamboo Charcoal(BC) with 22.70%. The calorific value ranged from 2.300 to 2,725 kcal/kg. The BC with 2,500 kcal/kg was not significantly (p>0.05) different from TC with 2,725kcal/kg. The ash content for all charcoal types ranged from 2.2 and 2.68% with BC having the highest ash content. The percentage fixed carbon for the species ranges from 66.75 to 72.25%, with ANOVA revealing no significant (p < 0.05) differences between all charcoal types. The Nitrogen and Sulphur contents ranged from 0.07 to 0.13% and 0.09 to 0.11%, respectively. The BC had the highest values for both properties, however, there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences for all charcoal types. The hemicellulose and cellulose contents ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 and 0.3 to 0.5%, respectively. The BC had the highest values of hemicellulose and cellulose contents with the lowest extractive percentage compared to other woody materials. Mechanical test revealed that MOE values ranged from 110.0 to 501.7 N/mm2 with BC having the least value and TC gave the highest value. The MOR and COMP values ranged from 4.8 to 187.2 N/mm2 and 3.3 to 18.7 N/mm2,respectively, while the hardness values for all samples ranged from 11 to 61.4N and the FVI ranged from 3733 to 14140. Bamboo charcoal had lowest values for all mechanical properties studied due to its morphological structure compared to the other tree species but has a higher potential as source of fuel due to its high calorific value, fixed carbon and oxygen contents comparable to Teak and Afara wood charcoal. The combustion property of Bamboo charcoal is higher while its mechanical property is lower as compared to other wood charcoals.
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    OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROCESS PARAMETERS OF AN EXISTING CASHEW NUT SHELL OIL EXPELLER
    (2025-06-20) Aina, Elijah Oladimeji
    ABSTRACT The shell of the cashew nut in its natural state is leathery and contains thick vesicant oil called Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) within a sponge-like interior. The oil has been known for its innumerable applications and its ability to undergo all the conventional reactions of phenols. This study optimized the existing expeller by monitoring the process parameters used in assessing product quality. The machine consists of a frame, compression chamber, perforated cylinder, hopper and funnels. Design Expert 13 package was used for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and response surface optimization. A CCRD of RSM factorial design was used for the process parameters and varied at 2 varieties (Ogbomoso and Brazilian). Also RCBD factorial design of 3 levels of sizes (small, medium and large), 3 levels of moisture content (14.5, 15.9 and 16.4% w.b.), 4 levels of wormshaft speed (30, 45, 60 and 75 rpm) and 2 levels of varieties (Ogbomoso and Brazilian) in triplicates were varied. The machine response varizbles namely machine throughput, machine throughput efficiency, machine processing temperature and oil qualities (free fatty acid, oil volatile impurities at 105 oC, rancidity level and acid value) were studied. The optimum performance of the machine at maximum machine throughput, machine throughput efficiency, machine processing temperature, free fatty acid, oil volatile impurities at 105 oC, rancidity level and acid value were 0.226 and 0.279 Kg/hr, 50.76 and 80.63%, 125.2 and 123.3 oC,1.84 and 2.02%m/m, 14.2 and 22.8%m/m, 5.1 and 7.04 Meq/Kg, 0.3 and 0.14%m/m for Ogbomoso and Brazilian varieties respectively. Meanwhile, the optimum performance of the machine at maximum machine throughput, machine throughput efficiency, wormshaft speed and moisture content were 0.408 and 0.306 Kg/hr, 91.68 and 86.02%, 30 and 35 rpm, 14.5 and 15.3% w.b. for Ogbomoso and Brazilian varieties respectively. The interaction effect of process variables was significant (p<0.05) on oil qualities, machine throughput and machine thrroughput efficency of both Ogbomoso and Brazilian sizes. Thegenerated regressionmodelswere suitable for predicting machine throughput, machine throughput efficiency and machine processing temperature based on highest coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.90-0.99, significant lack of fit (0.050-0.778) and models significance (p<0.05). The optimum condition was found to be heating temperature of 130 and 70 oC, heating duration of 5 and 5 minutes, storage duration of 4 and 1 months, monitored average relative humidity of 58 and 56%, monitored average atmospheric temperature of 32.2 and 31.2 oC, free fatty acid of 1.84 and 2.02%m/m, oil volatile impurities at 105 oC of 14.2 and 22.8%m/m, rancidity level of 5.1 and 7.04 Meq/Kg, acid value of 0.3 and 0.14%m/m with a desirability of 0.695 and 0.728 for Ogbomoso and Brazilian varieties respectively. The study revealed an optimised machine for good quality oil attainable within the process parameters range. The optimum condition of the machine produced up to 0.41 Kg/hr and 90% of machine throughput and machine throughput efficiency respectively for both Ogbomoso and Brazilian varieties without compromising standard quality.
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    ASSESSINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEALUMINIUMANODECATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM ON OIL STEEL PIPELINE ALONG THE MOSIMI- IBADAN SEGMENT IN NIGERIA.
    (2025-06-17) AJAYI,ISAIAHKEHINDE
    ABSTRACT Pipeline networks are capital intensive yet efficient and safer method for transporting petroleum products, offering lower distribution costs compared to alternatives. However, the steel used in pipeline construction is highly susceptible to corrosion, which can compromise structural integrity, reduce service life, and increase maintenance costs. Therefore, the effectiveness of Aluminium sacrificial anode cathodic protection (CP) system on a multi products steel pipeline along the Mosimi-Ibadan segment is assessed in this study. Soil samples from three locations of Redeem, Ogere, and Olorunda were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. The steel corrosion rates, and impedance were determined in soil solutions using Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The corrodedsteel samples from these test locations were characterizedusing X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-DispersiveX-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) to determine crystalline structure, surface morphology, and elemental composition,respectively. The results from potentiodynamic polarization showed the steel sample atOgere hadthehighest corrosionrate(2.82 mm/yr),which correlated withthelowestpH(5.8) and highest conductivity (0.22 dS/m). This was followed by that from Olorunda, with a corrosion rate of 0.96 mm/yr, pH of 6.4, and conductivity of 0.20 dS/m while the sample at Redeem exhibited the lowest corrosion rate (0.68 mm/yr), with a pH of 7.3 and conductivity of0.14dS/m.Additionally,OgereshowedthehighestCorrosionProtectionEfficiency(CPE) of 67%, followed by Olorunda (19%) and Redeem (13%). The EIS results indicated higher impedance and better corrosion resistance at Redeem, followed by Olorunda, while Ogere exhibitedthelowestimpedance.TheXRDanalysisrevealedlowFe₂O₃contentatRedeem, moderate levels at Olorunda, and high levels at Ogere. The phases revealed on samples from Ogere, showedlittle presence of SiO₂ (2.25%), compared to Redeem (0.34%) and Olorunda (0.33%).TheSEManalysisshowedasmoothsurfaceatsamplesfromRedeem,severepitting corrosion at Ogere, and interconnected corrosion features at Olorunda. Also, iron depletion supported the level of corrosion of the samples which stood at 60.02, 70.02, and 70.17% at Ogere, Olorunda and Redeem respectively, compared to a baseline of 96–98% as shown in EDX. These findings highlighted the influence of soil chemistry and sacrificial anode cathodic protection on pipeline corrosion. The study revealed that the Aluminium anode cathodic protection system employed on the pipeline was effective at the Ogere section.
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    PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO (BAMBUSA VULGARIS) CHARCOAL IN COMPARISON WITH THREE OTHER INDIGENOUS WOOD CHARCOALS
    (2025-06-11) OGUNSOLA, ADETUNJI OLUSEUN
    ABSTRACT Charcoal is a carbonaceous solid with a fixed carbon content of 70% or more. Wood charcoal is processed by heating wood materials in a low-oxygen environment.Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) is a woody material composed of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin that can produce higher value-added products by pyrolysis processes with low ash content. This study investigated the energy potential of bamboo (bambusa vulgaris) as an alternative charcoal material in comparison to indigenous wood in terms of mechanical and combustion properties. Bamboo and three other wood species Teak (Tectona grandis), Afara (Terminalia superba) and Omo (Cordiamillenii) were dimensioned for mechanical properties’ determination using ASTM standards. All samples were carbonized in a portable laboratory kiln at 400oC to charcoal. Combustion characteristics were determined for the carbonized samples using standards of the ASTM, while Fuel Value Index (FIV), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Compressive Strength (COMP) were obtained for all the samples and comparedusing ANOVA at 5% significant level. Results from proximate analysis showed that charcoal from Volatile Matter values ranged from 20.0 to 25.95% with Teak Charcoal(TC) having the highest value and Bamboo Charcoal(BC) with 22.70%. The calorific value ranged from 2.300 to 2,725 kcal/kg. The BC with 2,500 kcal/kg was not significantly (p>0.05) different from TC with 2,725kcal/kg. The ash content for all charcoal types ranged from 2.2 and 2.68% with BC having the highest ash content. The percentage fixed carbon for the species ranges from 66.75 to 72.25%, with ANOVA revealing no significant (p < 0.05) differences between all charcoal types. The Nitrogen and Sulphur contents ranged from 0.07 to 0.13% and 0.09 to 0.11%, respectively. The BC had the highest values for both properties, however, there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences for all charcoal types. The hemicellulose and cellulose contents ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 and 0.3 to 0.5%, respectively. The BC had the highest values of hemicellulose and cellulose contents with the lowest extractive percentage compared to other woody materials. Mechanical test revealed that MOE values ranged from 110.0 to 501.7 N/mm2 with BC having the least value and TC gave the highest value. The MOR and COMP values ranged from 4.8 to 187.2 N/mm2 and 3.3 to 18.7 N/mm2,respectively, while the hardness values for all samples ranged from 11 to 61.4N and the FVI ranged from 3733 to 14140. Bamboo charcoal had lowest values for all mechanical properties studied due to its morphological structure compared to the other tree species but has a higher potential as source of fuel due to its high calorific value, fixed carbon and oxygen contents comparable to Teak and Afara wood charcoal. The combustion property of Bamboo charcoal is higher while its mechanical property is lower as compared to other wood charcoals.
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    ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION IN NIGERIA
    (2025-06-24) OKOYE, CLETUS UCHE
    ABSTRACT Electric power generation in Nigeria is grossly inadequate, leading to high electricity supply-demand imbalance and consequently, low productivity. This study analysed the Nigerian electric power generation from 2004 to 2020. A statistical model was developed, evaluated and used to forecast monthly power generation in Nigeria from 2021 to 2030. In carrying out this research, a 17- year monthly generated power (2004-2020) data were collected from the National Control Centre, Osogbo, Nigeria while the corresponding weather data which include temperature, relative humidity, evaporation, rainfall and sunshine were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria. The time series power generation dataset was tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. The dataset was differenced for ADF statistics higher than the critical values and the P-value of 0.05 to remove trend, seasonality and outliers that account for its non-stationarity to improve the model accuracy. Six stochastic time series models comprising seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables (SARIMAX), Prophet, exponential smoothing state space (ETS), long short-term memory (LSTM) and hybrid SARIMA-LSTM were developed and evaluated. Eighty percent of the 2004-2019 data was used for model training while twenty percent of 2019-2020 data was used for testing. The accuracy of the models was assessed using three metrics which are mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean square error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) score. Python software tool was used to further authenticate the models. Parameters of the models were estimated using maximum likelihood method. The results of the model evaluation and diagnostic checks showed that SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1) (12) model fit yielded the lowest MAPE of 20.84% and MSE of 17, 975.47; indicating that it best captured the trend and seasonality of the dataset. An R² score of 0.2259 for the SARIMA model, while low, is still positive and acceptable. The SARIMAX model with MAPE, MSE and R2 score of 26.56%, 24,346.47 and -0.4200, respectively, performed less effectively compared to SARIMA model, despite the addition of exogenous variables. This suggests that the exogenous variables might not significantly enhance the power generation forecast or that a more optimised configuration is needed. The ETS, LSTM, Prophet and hybrid SARIMA-LSTM models had MAPE of 25.52, 33.31, 25.11 and 56.01%; MSE of 336,553.46, 460,134,500.24, 305,422,656.96 and 679,097,189.60; R² scores of -0.0087, -0.1872, -0.0850 and 0.0562, respectively. The relatively high error in ETS, Prophet, LSTM and SARIMA-LSTM models indicates that they could not handle the data's monthly seasonality and trends. The SARIMA (0,1 1) (0,1,1) (12) model, therefore, proved useful for forecasting future power needs of Nigeria, having performed best across all metrics and capturing the linear trend and seasonality effectively. The forecasted power generation ranged from 100,045.222 MW in January 1, 2021 to 124,354.978 MW in December 1, 2030. This study has shown that the developed SARIMA model can be appropriately deployed in analysing the electric power needs of Nigeria for strategic energy planning and development of power generation infrastructure.
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    DETECTION AND REMEDIATION OF CRITICAL NODES AND BRANCHES IN AN INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEM NETWORK
    (2025-06-06) OLAJIDE, SAMUEL ADEYEMI
    ABSTRACT Voltage instability has been a major concern to power supply utilities and its effect has resulted into system voltage collapse and high power losses. This study employed the fast voltage stability index technique (FVSI) to detect critical nodes and branches in an interconnected power system network, considering the IEEE 57-node and Nigeria 34-node electricity grids as case studies.The detected critical branches were corrected using static var compensator (SVC). Load flow modelling and simulation were carried out to determine the node voltage, phase angle and active power loss along the network lines. Simulations were done for the base case and the contingency-variation of the reactive loads in the network until the FVSI value approaches one (1) to determine the maximum permissible load of each load nodes. The ranking in the system was done by sorting the maximum permissible load, of the load nodes in ascending order. The smallest maximum permissible load was ranked highest implying that the node is the weakest in the system. Thereafter, the node voltage magnitudes and branch active power losses were computed and compared for the two case networks. The results revealed that, for IEEE 57-node power system, 43 node voltages out of 57 node voltages were outside the statutory limit of ± 5%. The total active power loss was 65.303 MW. The inclusion of SVC in the system corrected the voltage limit violations on the critical nodes while the total active power loss was reduced by 43.29% amount to 37.039 MW. In the case of Nigeria’s 34-node power network, voltage limit violations occurred at two nodes which were node 2 (BirninKebbi) and node 13 (Kano T.S). The voltages at the two buses were outside the acceptable limit of ± 5%. The total active power loss was 134.920 MW. The SVC introduction into the system normalized the voltages on the critical nodes with the total active power loss reduced by 52.95% amount iv to 63.481 MW. These results were indications that FVSI when appropriately applied can aid the detection of critical nodes and branches in power system network while the SVC installation can minimize the power loss and improve the voltage magnitude of the system. This study established the suitability of fast voltage stability index technique for the weak nodes and branches detection in a power system and static var compensator (SVC) for possible remedial action.
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    NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSPORT AND EVAPORATION OF ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES-BIODIESEL SURROGATE DROPLET
    (2023-10-20) OLAMIDE, OLALEKAN OLAOLUWA
    ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can readily replace petrodiesel in internal combustion engines and furnaces. However, it contains less energy density than petrodiesel, which can be enhanced by adding energetic nanoparticles. This study modelled the flow, heat transfer and evaporation characteristics of an isolated biodiesel surrogate (methyl decanoate) droplet containing Al2O3 nanoparticles sedimenting in air. The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction (φ), Reynolds number (Re) and evaporating temperatures in the range 0 to 0.1; 0.1 to 250; and 523 to 723 K, on flow vigour, Nusselt number (Nu), Sherwood number (Sh) and droplet regression, respectively, were investigated. The influence of internal circulation on the modes of heat transfer during non-evaporative heating was also examined with the initial droplet and ambient temperatures of 300 and 400 K, respectively. The problem governing equations, including the continuity, momentum and energy, were discretized and solved using the finite volume method with ANSYS Fluent 18.1 while a MATLAB program was written for implementing the evaporation model. At the domain inlet, outlet, walls and centreline, the Dirichlet, pressure outlet, Neumann and axisymmetric boundary conditions were imposed, respectively. User-defined functions were written in C++ to prescribe the continuity of tangential velocity and shear stress at the liquid-gas interface. A mesh consisting of 151423 nodes was chosen for the simulation after conducting a grid independence test. The validations of the drag, heat transfer and evaporation rates were in good agreement (±10%) with the experimental and numerical data obtained from literature for Re up to 100. The droplet's internal flow structure was similar to the Hill’s vortex for all Reynolds numbers. At critical Reynolds number, Re = 23.29, lung-shaped vortices were formed behind the droplet and grew in size with the increase in Re. At Re of 0.1, the isotherms inside the droplet were concentric about its centre, signifying pure diffusion. The isotherms within the droplet transformed from concentric circles at low Re to two deformed cells at high Re. There was an increase in Nu by 8.56 and 110.64%; 15.96 and 41.78% when Re increased from 0.1 to 50 and 250; and φ from 0 to 0.02 and 0.1, respectively. The square of the droplet diameter regressed linearly at a faster rate with the increase in Re than φ, obeying the classical D-squared law during evaporation for all the cases considered. An increase in φ from 0 to 0.04 enhanced the heat transfer during evaporation by 0.24 and 0.30% for Re of 100 and 200, respectively. Sherwood numbers increased with increasing φ for non-isothermal droplet evaporation but did not surpass 0.1%. The reduction in evaporation time for φ of 0.04 and 0.1 at Re of 100 were 1.66 and 1.20% respectively. Heat transfer enhancements were observed with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles in methyl decanoate, while the changes in flow and mass transfer characteristics were marginal. The modelling and simulation of the evaporation characteristics of an isolated Al2O3 nanoparticles-biodiesel surrogate droplet showed enhanced performance.
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    THE EFFECT OF TRAFFIC SHAPING AND DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION AS CONGESTION CONTROL MEASURES IN INTERNET PROTOCOL NETWORKS
    (2024-09-20) JACKREECE, BEKE ABEL
    ABSTRACT Internet protocol networks are experiencing increased traffic load, resulting in congestion. This congestion can have detrimental effects on the network performance and hence the need for congestion control. This research assessed the effectiveness of traffic shaping and dynamic bandwidth allocation as congestion control measures in Internet Protocol (IP)networks. A typical IP network topology was designed with end devices configured. End devices used were five routers, three switches, Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server, Domain Name Server (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, email server, a network controller, twenty-four personal computers (PCs), six IP phones and two printers. A hybrid of ring-star topology was used for the designed network and it was done in the Cisco packet tracer virtual laboratory. Devices’ IP addresses and routing protocols were configured and verified using appropriate commands. Four classes of traffics, HTTP, FTP, email and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), were generated and simulated to assess the performance of the designed network. The Quality of Service (QoS) policy was implemented on the designed network through class-map, policy-map and service-policy. The QoS policy was imposed on routers 2, 4 and 5 while routers 1 and 3 were left because the two routers served as dynamic host configuration protocol servers for IP phones. The results showed that on router 2, the HTTP traffic experienced packets delay of about 33% while 1018 out of 1917 matched packets were successfully transmitted in FTP but with 3972 delayed packets. The ICMP traffic had all 1807 matched packets successfully sent without any drop. The email traffic experienced highest congestion as only 470 out of 2118 packets were successfully sent. Traffic analysis on router 4 revealed that HTTP traffic at 5 minutes offered rate of 1.854 kbps was associated with 1739 delayed packets while 815 packets were transmitted. The FTP traffic had 759 packets transmitted out of 759 matched while the ICMP traffic had 780 and 781 matched and transmitted packets, respectively. The email traffic was the worst hit by the imposed QoS on router 4 as out of 2095 matched packets, a paltry 81 were successfully transmitted. The relative values of matched to transmitted packets showed that all class of traffics fared better on router 5. The drop rates for HTTP, FTP, ICMP and email traffics were 0.418, 0.424, 11.6244 and 0.100 kbps, respectively, on router 5. These results suggested that the QoS favoured ICMP traffic followed by FTP traffic on router 2 while on router 4, the QoS supported HTTP, FTP and ICMP traffics than the email traffic. Observations on router 5 might be due to assigned bandwidths to each class of traffics considered. The results showed that, with imposed QoS, each of the HTTP, FTP, ICMP and email traffics experienced varying degrees of congestion at different routers while traversing the IP network. It can be concluded that the traffic congestion in Internet protocol networks could be mitigated via appropriate traffic shaping and dynamic bandwidth allocation.
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    DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROBIAL FUEL CELL FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION USING LOCALLY PRODUCED ELECTRODES
    (2024-07-20) NKESHITA, FIDELIS CHUKWUMAH
    ABSTRACT The need for clean and sustainable energy, coupled with indiscriminate disposal of wastewater and recycling of waste materials necessitated the need to develop low-cost innovative bioelectrochemical systems. This study developed laboratory-scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to treat locust bean wastewater (LBWW) and generate renewable energy using locally produced electrodes sourced from palm kernel shell activated carbon (PKSAC) and used battery graphite. Preliminary physico-chemical, proximate, microbial (isolation, characterization, biochemical test), and molecular parameters were determined. Two electrode types were fabricated: EA (PKSAC)/Graphite/styrene binder) and EB (PKSAC)/Graphite/Paraffin wax binder), in which the PKSAC were partially replaced with 0, 25, 50, and 75 % of graphite and categorized as EA1, EA2, EA3, EA4 and EB1, EB2, EB3, EB4, respectively. Double-chambered 1 L MFCs were constructed using transparent plastic containers, with electrodes connected by copper wires and a horse-shaped salt bridge for proton transfer. Physico-chemical (electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), Nitrate, Sodium, and Potassium), microbial, and microstructural analyses were conducted before and after the experiments, with measured daily readings for voltage and current values. Experiments were conducted under pH 3.7 and neutral pH conditions by dosing the anolyte with 0.1 M NaOH. All MFC reactors operated under room atmospheric conditions. Statistical analyses were implemented using MS Excel and Python programming. The results showed that the isolated microbial strains (Priestia aryabhattai) were in LBWW. The MFC operations detected the formation of biofilms on the anode surfaces indicating the presence of electrogenic bacteria. In MFCs using EA electrodes, LBWW at a pH of 3.7 generated 515 mV (p < 0.05) and 27 mA (p < 0.05) while LBWW using EB electrodes at a pH of 3.7 generated 451 mV (p < 0.05) and 15 mA (p > 0.05). At adjusted pH of 7.0, MFC with EA electrodes improved the outputs to 1040 mV (p < 0.05) and 213 mA (p > 0.05) while MFC with EB electrodes improved to 1078 mV (p < 0.05) and 213 mA (p < 0.05). The LBWW treatment with EA electrodes at a pH of 3.7 showed lower treatment efficiencies: EC 6.08%, TDS 3.00%, COD 9.76%, TOC 9.23%, nitrate 19.23%, sodium 7.89%, and potassium 11.48%. The treatment efficiencies improved when the pH was adjusted to 7.0 using 0.1M NaOH: EC 26.31%, TDS 25.51%, COD 22.79%, TOC 36.92%, nitrate 38.46%, sodium 31.58%, and potassium 31.14%. Statistical analyses revealed LBWW with EA electrodes at pH 3.7 exhibited statistically significant outputs (p < 0.05) for both voltage and current readings. It was observed to be statistically significant for voltage readings but insignificant for current readings when the pH was adjusted to 7.0. LBWW with EB electrodes at pH 3.7 and pH 7.0 showed similar trends of statistical significance (p < 0.05). The study demonstrated that wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation could be achieved using locally produced electrodes in microbial fuel cells.
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    ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL AND NON-TECHNICAL LOSSES IN AN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    (2024-09-04) ERINOSHO, JEREMIAH OLUWAMAYOWA
    ABSTRACT The quality of service delivery from electricity distribution networks (EDNs) despite the huge post-privatization intervention fund provided by the Federal Government of Nigeria is still far from being satisfactory due to aggregate technical, commercial and collection (ATC&C) losses. This study evaluated ATC&C losses in an EDN using FUNAAB 33kV and Obantoko 11kV distribution network feeders as case studies. The weekly data of injected power, energy consumed and energy billed on both feeders were collected from Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC) for a period of six years (2018-2023). The power losses and voltage drops on the feeders were calculated using the formulated power equations comprising the parameters load factor, conductor length, conductor cross-sectional area, conductor resistivity,maximum feeder loading, line voltage and power factor. The billing data were analysed to determine the commercial and collection losses. Physical assessment of the feeders as built was also carried out. The obtained results revealed that the highest power losses of 11.74 and 6.682 MW, respectively, were observed on FUNAAB 33 kV and Obantoko 11 kV feeders. These losses which occurred in the year 2022 corresponded to 5.86 and 10.85% losses in power, of 200.4 and 61.56 MW, respectively, injected into both feeders. The voltage drop on FUNAAB 33 kV feeder over the study period ranged between 11.21 to 12.14% while it ranged between 17.96 to 18.45% on Obantoko 11 kV feeder. These values were found to exceed the permissible 10% limit of the operating voltage. The highest voltage drop of 12.14 and 18.45%, respectively observed on FUNAAB 33 kV and Obantoko 11 kV feeders occurred in the year 2022. Further observations revealed that 68% of the 20.26 km length of Obantoko 11 kV feeder involved the use of under-rated 70 mm2aluminium conductor (AlC), leading to high power loss and voltage drop unlike FUNAAB 33 kV feeder where 63% of the 57.4 km length of the line was constructed with the standard 150 mm2AlC. Analysis of commercial and collection losses on both feeders revealed a remarkable energy accountability challenges throughout the study period, a continual gap in energy received and billed was evident.The highest commercial loss of ₦3,683,071 on FUNAAB 33 kV feeder occurred in the year 2022 while the collection loss was highest in the year 2020 at a worth of ₦328,752,293. Similarly, the highest commercial loss of ₦4,202,467experienced on Obantoko 11 kV feeder occurred in the year 2023 while the highest collection loss of ₦149,056,487 was experienced in the year 2021.These results were indication that feeder characteristics, billing and consumer enumeration systems were key factors that appreciably influenced ATC&C losseson the case feeders. The aggregate technical, commercial and collection losses analysed in the study revealed the operational inefficiencies of the considered electricity distribution network feeders.
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    ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE CURED IN LAGOON WATER
    (2025-01-20) EWETADE Abayomi Olukayode
    ABSTRACT Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) presents a suitable alternative to Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) in infrastructure projects due to its friendly production effect to the environmental. The production of Portland Cement (PC) contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, and its poor performance in aggressive environment. This study investigated the strength and durability of GPC in Lagoon water. With the target strength of 50 Mpa.The GPC comprises of fine and coarse aggregates, metakaolin (MK) with ground granulated blast furnace slag acting x as the binders, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) which provided the alkaline medium. Reinforced GPC 100 × 100 × 600 mm beams, 100 × 100 x 100 mm cubes and 100 × 200 mm cylinders were prepared for flexural, compressive and split tensile testrespectively. Two specimens were prepared; the main specimen was cured in lagoon water (GPCW), while the control specimen was cured at ambient temperature (GPCD), for 28, 90, 180, 270 and 365 days. A finite Element program ANSYS was used to simulate the mechanical properties of both specimen. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy were used to determine the microstructural and elemental composition of the specimens, respectively.Results showed an increase (111.31 to 146.22 Mpa)in compressive, flexural and splitting tensile on an average of 38.8% from 28 to 180 days, with a decrease of (146.22 to 205.25 Mpa) 23.6% by the 365th day for the GPCD samples. The GPCW showed a reduced strength of (45.02 to 40.01 Mpa) 43% when compared with GPCD, and it experienced reduction in strength at an average of 11% from 28 to 365 days. Deflection of the reinforced beams indicated a steady increase from 28 to 365 days, mirroring the general deflection behaviour of conventional concrete's linear elasticity. SEM revealed differences in GPCD and GPCW with the latter displaying less dense structures with larger voids, consistent with the reduction in compressive strength over time. Conversely, GPCD samples had a denser microstructure, resulting in higher strength. Unreacted MK particles were visible in SEM images, indicating incomplete geopolymerisation in certain areas of the GPCW.XRD analysis highlighted a stable calcium-to-silicon (Ca:Si) ratio in GPCW, with variations in the silicon-to-aluminum (Si:Al) ratios between GPCW and GPCD specimens. Efflorescence substance was observed in the GPCD samples after 180 days. The analysis of the substance revealed a high level of calcium oxide (CaO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3). These oxides led to the reduction in strength after 180 days. The simulation of both GPC samples revealed the elastic strain, normal stress and the deformation generated within the concrete samples during the experiment. Statistical analysis showed the difference between the experimental and simulation strength results to have P ≤ 0.05 confidence interval. This confirmed that the stress-strain obtained in the ANSYS simulation is a true reflection of what happened in the experiment. The study found that Geo-polymer Concrete had weak durability and mechanical properties in an aggressive environment, but strong mechanical strengths in non-aggressive environment making it a promising alternative to PortlandCement.
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    INVESTIGATING CONDUCTIVE FIBER AND INDUCTION HEAT ENERGY EFFECTS ON FATIGUE RESISTANCE AND RESILIENT MODULUS OF HOT MIX ASPHALT
    (2024-07-20) ODELADE, HASSAN OPEYEMI
    ABSTRACT Cracks in flexible pavement are inevitable due to traffic loading, fatigue, construction deficiencies and environmental factors. It causes water ingress which ultimately leads to the failure of the pavement structure. This study investigated conductive fiber and induction heat energy effects on fatigue resistance and resilient modulus of hot mix asphalt. The materials used include, coarse and two variants of fine aggregates, bitumen, and kitchen steel wool as the conductive fibre. Preliminary tests such as particle size analysis, specific gravity, flash and fire point determinants were carried out to evaluate the properties of the materials. Marshall test was used to determine the optimum bitumen content (OBC) and optimum steel wool content (OSWC) of the asphalt matrix samples. Steel wool content (SWC) in the asphalt samples was varied from 0 to 6% at 2% interval. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) test were used to evaluate the microstructure of the asphalt samples. Self-healing properties of these samples under microwave induction heating at 110 ⁰C were examined by evaluating their electrical conductivity, heat transmission rate (HTR) and extent of closure of induced cracks. The indirect tensile fatigue test (ITFT) was carried out to determine the fatigue resistance and resilient modulus performance of the samples under three different tensile loading stresses of 250, 400 and 550 kPa. The preliminary tests of the aggregates revealed that coarse aggregate had a specific gravity of 2.68 and was classified as uniformly graded. The two variants of fine aggregates, sharp sand and stone dust, were well graded soil and had specific gravities of 2.64 and 2.57 respectively. The kitchen steel wool had a specific gravity of 6.61. The bitumen material had a specific gravity of 1.01 with flash and fire points of 256.7 and 325 ⁰C, respectively. The OBC of the sample was 5.94% while OSWC by weight of OBC was 2.83%. In comparison with the control mix, the stability of the modified asphalt mix with the OSWC decreased by 15.36% from 9.24 to 8.01 KN while that of flow of the mix decreased by 2.37% from 3.88 to 3.79 mm. The SEM and XRF analysis results revealed variations in the quantities of the elemental constituents of the modified mix, as the SWC increases. The electrical conductivity increased from0.1x10-7 to 0.1x10-1 μS/cm with increase in SWC from 0 to 2% and remained constant with further increase to 4%. The HTR of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.18 ⁰C/min were respectively obtained for 0, 2 and 4%. The average resilient modulus of the asphalt mixes obtained from the ITFT increased from 4084.06 to 5578.76 MPa as SWC increased from 0 to 2% and remained relatively constant with further increase to 4%. Also, the asphalt mix with 2% SWC performed optimally in fatigue resistance and resilient modulus. The study concluded that the fiber enhanced the self-healing properties of the asphalt.
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    POWER LOSS MINIMIZATION AND VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT ON AN ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK USING OPTIMALLY PLACED PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SOURCE
    (2024-09-20) FOLARANMI, KAZEEM SAULA
    ABSTRACT In recent times the adoption of distribution generation in power system has been on the increase due to the progress recorded in exploiting renewable energy resources for electrical power generation at distribution level and the necessity for enhanced power quality. However, inappropriate placement of these resources could result in increased power loss and poor voltage profile. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of optimally placed photovoltaic energy source (PVES) on power loss and voltage profile of an electrical power distribution network (DN). Power flow analysis was performed on standard IEEE 33-bus and Ilesa 33-bus DNs without and with inclusion of PVES using forward and backward sweep method. The optimum location and the corresponding PVES size were determined using both sensitivity analysis (SA) and whale optimisation algorithm (WOA). The simulations were carried out in MATLAB R2023a software environment. The performance of WOA on standard IEEE 33-bus DN was validated in comparison with the results obtained using grey wolf optimization (GWO), adaptive shuffle frogs leaping algorithm (ASFLA) and one rank cuckoo search algorithm (ORCSA). The power flow results of IEEE 33-bus DN without PVES showed that buses 5, 11 and 23 with voltage magnitudes of 0.9303, 1.0558 and 1.0571 p.u., respectively violated the statutory voltage limit of 0.95 to 1.05 p.u. Buses 5, 14, 19 and 31 of Ilesa 33-bus DN with voltage magnitudes of 1.0558, 0.9237, 0.9312 and 1.0542 p.u., respectively also violated the statutory limit. The total active power loss (TAPL) for IEEE 33-bus and Ilesa 33-bus DNs without PVES were 195.51 MW and 247.29 kW, respectively. The optimal locations of PVES unit for the IEEE 33-bus DN with SA were buses 10, 27, 28 and 29 with sizes 6.55, 10.00, 8.55 and 5.25 MW, respectively while with WOA were buses 4, 5 and 27 with sizes 8.5, 5.5 and 5.25 MW, respectively. Similarly, the optimal locations of PVES for Ilesa 33-bus DN with SA were buses 5, 14, 20, 27 with sizes 10.0, 12.5, 10.5, 15.0 and 10.0 kW, respectively whereas with WOA were buses 4, 8 and 17 with sizes of 12.50, 10.50 and 10.00 kW, respectively. The voltage profiles of both networks considered appreciably improved and fell within the statutory limit with both unoptimised PVES and optimised PVES installed. The TAPL of the IEEE 33-bus DN with unoptimised PVES, PVES optimised with SA and PVES optimised with WOA were 164.71, 163.30 and 153.30 MW, respectively while the value for the Ilesa 33-bus DN were 235.61, 243.51 and 201.97 kW, respectively. The percentage of TAPL on the IEEE 33-bus system with WOA, GWO, ASFLA and ORCSA were 21.6, 10.7, 20.2 and 21.2%, respectively; indicating WOA outperformed the other optimisation approaches for the placement of PVES unit. This study achieved a minimised total active power loss and an enhanced voltage profile on IEEE 33-bus and Ilesa 33-bus distribution networks with the application of appropriate optimisation technique for the photovoltaic energy source placement.